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<p>This study develops and characterizes a double-network (DN) hydrogel composed of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), alginate (ALG), and polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) for 3D cancer modeling. EPS was extracted from a stress-adapted <i>Pichia kudriavzevii</i> biofilm. Structural analysis revealed aggregated nanospheres (12 ± 4&#xa0;nm), a heteropolymeric composition of polysaccharides and proteins, and a semi-crystalline architecture. Among twelve formulations, the H11 hydrogel (4% EPS/15% ALG/50% PEGDA) demonstrated optimal properties, including the highest viscosity, rapid swelling kinetics, good shape retention and elastic recovery upon manual compression, controlled degradation, and a porous morphology (36 ± 14&#xa0;μm to 68 ± 29&#xa0;μm). Importantly, H11 exhibited enhanced stability and minimal spreading during computer-aided design (CAD)-guided printing, positioning it as a favorable formulation for 3D printing. Cell-free 3D printed scaffolds were fabricated, freeze-dried, and subsequently seeded with MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Cell viability and proliferation, assessed using MTT, live/dead assays, and SEM, were higher within the printed scaffolds compared to 2D culture. After 3 days of incubation, tumor spheroid formation was observed, indicating that the DN hydrogel mimics key features of the in vivo tumor microenvironment and shows promise as a 3D cancer model.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Evaluation of Yeast-Derived Double-Network Hydrogel (EPS/ALG/PEGDA) as a Biomaterial Ink for the Fabrication of 3D Printed Scaffolds for MCF-7 Breast Cancer Model

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月24日

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  • Sundus Mohammed Tayfur,
  • Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid,
  • Daruliza Kernain,
  • Yazmin Bustami

摘要

This study develops and characterizes a double-network (DN) hydrogel composed of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), alginate (ALG), and polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) for 3D cancer modeling. EPS was extracted from a stress-adapted Pichia kudriavzevii biofilm. Structural analysis revealed aggregated nanospheres (12 ± 4 nm), a heteropolymeric composition of polysaccharides and proteins, and a semi-crystalline architecture. Among twelve formulations, the H11 hydrogel (4% EPS/15% ALG/50% PEGDA) demonstrated optimal properties, including the highest viscosity, rapid swelling kinetics, good shape retention and elastic recovery upon manual compression, controlled degradation, and a porous morphology (36 ± 14 μm to 68 ± 29 μm). Importantly, H11 exhibited enhanced stability and minimal spreading during computer-aided design (CAD)-guided printing, positioning it as a favorable formulation for 3D printing. Cell-free 3D printed scaffolds were fabricated, freeze-dried, and subsequently seeded with MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Cell viability and proliferation, assessed using MTT, live/dead assays, and SEM, were higher within the printed scaffolds compared to 2D culture. After 3 days of incubation, tumor spheroid formation was observed, indicating that the DN hydrogel mimics key features of the in vivo tumor microenvironment and shows promise as a 3D cancer model.

Graphical Abstract