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<p>A highly swellable hydrogel was synthesized by free-radical grafting of acrylamide (AAm) and acrylic acid (AA) onto psyllium (<i>Plantago ovata</i>) mucilage; a renewable polysaccharide backbone. and acrylamide (AAm)/acrylic acid (AA) as comonomers. The polymerization initiated by ammonium persulfate (APS) and crosslinked with N, N′‑methylenebisacrylamide (MBA), yielded a hydrophilic three-dimensional polymeric network. The effects of key synthesis parameters—including initiator concentration, AAm/AA molar ratios, crosslinker amount, pH, temperature, swelling time, and solvent volume—on the swelling ratio of the hydrogel were systematically investigated. The optimized formulation (0.5&#xa0;g psyllium, 0.75&#xa0;g AAm, 0.71 mL AA, 0.03&#xa0;g APS, 0.10&#xa0;g MBA; 65&#xa0;°C, 3&#xa0;h) achieved a maximum equilibrium water absorbency of 82.40&#xa0;g g⁻¹. Characterization by FTIR, SEM and TGA confirmed successful grafting, a porous morphology and enhanced thermal stability. The hydrogel exhibited ionic‑strength sensitivity, with reduced swelling in NaCl solutions. As a proof‑of‑concept for biomedical use, the hydrogel was evaluated for drug loading and release of ofloxacin and insulin, yielding encapsulation efficiencies of 28.8% and 25.6%, respectively, with distinct release profiles release in phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4) versus distilled water. For agricultural relevance, the incorporation of 1% (w/w) hydrogel into sandy loam soil extended the drying time to 9 days, demonstrating its efficacy in soil water retention. Owing to its natural polysaccharide composition, the hydrogel is expected to be biodegradable. Overall, this psyllium‑based hydrogel combines tunable swelling with pH/ionic responsiveness, showing promise for dual-function applications in controlled drug‑delivery and soil‑moisture management.</p>

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Synthesis and Characterization of a Psyllium-Based Hydrogel: Swelling Behavior, Drug Delivery, and Agricultural Use

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月18日

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  • Mahnaz Ghadimi-Mahani,
  • Maryam Kalantari,
  • Samieh Fozooni

摘要

A highly swellable hydrogel was synthesized by free-radical grafting of acrylamide (AAm) and acrylic acid (AA) onto psyllium (Plantago ovata) mucilage; a renewable polysaccharide backbone. and acrylamide (AAm)/acrylic acid (AA) as comonomers. The polymerization initiated by ammonium persulfate (APS) and crosslinked with N, N′‑methylenebisacrylamide (MBA), yielded a hydrophilic three-dimensional polymeric network. The effects of key synthesis parameters—including initiator concentration, AAm/AA molar ratios, crosslinker amount, pH, temperature, swelling time, and solvent volume—on the swelling ratio of the hydrogel were systematically investigated. The optimized formulation (0.5 g psyllium, 0.75 g AAm, 0.71 mL AA, 0.03 g APS, 0.10 g MBA; 65 °C, 3 h) achieved a maximum equilibrium water absorbency of 82.40 g g⁻¹. Characterization by FTIR, SEM and TGA confirmed successful grafting, a porous morphology and enhanced thermal stability. The hydrogel exhibited ionic‑strength sensitivity, with reduced swelling in NaCl solutions. As a proof‑of‑concept for biomedical use, the hydrogel was evaluated for drug loading and release of ofloxacin and insulin, yielding encapsulation efficiencies of 28.8% and 25.6%, respectively, with distinct release profiles release in phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4) versus distilled water. For agricultural relevance, the incorporation of 1% (w/w) hydrogel into sandy loam soil extended the drying time to 9 days, demonstrating its efficacy in soil water retention. Owing to its natural polysaccharide composition, the hydrogel is expected to be biodegradable. Overall, this psyllium‑based hydrogel combines tunable swelling with pH/ionic responsiveness, showing promise for dual-function applications in controlled drug‑delivery and soil‑moisture management.