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<p>Kamarkas gum (K-gum), also known as <i>Butea gum</i> or <i>Bengal kino</i>, is a natural exudate obtained from <i>Butea monosperma</i> (palash), traditionally valued for its medicinal and nutritional properties in India and other regions. Pickering nanoemulsions (Pic-Nemul), stabilized by natural phytomaterials, are emerging as safer alternatives to conventional emulsions by minimizing surfactant use. Capsaicin (CAP) possesses various pharmacological activities but suffers from poor solubility, limiting its therapeutic potential. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a novel K-gum-stabilized, emu oil-based Pic-Nemul loaded with capsaicin (K-gum-CAP-Pic-Nemul) to enhance its solubility, stability, and therapeutic efficacy. Here, K-gum was employed to stabilize CAP-loaded Pic-Nemul using emu oil as the lipid phase. The formulations were characterized for particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, in vitro drug release, cytocompatibility, stability, etc. Additionally, release kinetics were analyzed using models such as Korsmeyer–Peppas, zero-order, Higuchi matrix, and Hixson-Crowell. The developed K-gum-CAP-Pic-Nemul showed spherical droplets with rough surfaces and a mean particle size of 13.85 ± 3.49&#xa0;nm. The formulation exhibited good stability with a zeta potential of -25.14 mV and high entrapment efficiency (73.15 ± 1.18%). As well, sustained drug release was observed (97.14 ± 0.87% over 24&#xa0;h), fitting the Korsmeyer–Peppas model (R² = 0.998), indicating super case-II transport (<i>n</i> = 1.18). Spectral and thermal analyses confirmed the amorphous transformation of CAP, and cytocompatibility studies revealed its non-toxic nature toward macrophages. In conclusion, the K-gum-stabilized Pic-Nemul demonstrated excellent stability, sustained release, and cytocompatibility, positioning it as a promising nanocarrier for the delivery of CAP.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Formulation and Evaluation of Kamarkas (Butea monosperma) Gum-Stabilized Emu Oil-Based Pickering Nanoemulsion for Capsaicin Delivery: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Studies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月9日

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  • Sopan N. Nangare,
  • Manasi V. Chaudhari,
  • Sanjaykumar B. Bari

摘要

Kamarkas gum (K-gum), also known as Butea gum or Bengal kino, is a natural exudate obtained from Butea monosperma (palash), traditionally valued for its medicinal and nutritional properties in India and other regions. Pickering nanoemulsions (Pic-Nemul), stabilized by natural phytomaterials, are emerging as safer alternatives to conventional emulsions by minimizing surfactant use. Capsaicin (CAP) possesses various pharmacological activities but suffers from poor solubility, limiting its therapeutic potential. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a novel K-gum-stabilized, emu oil-based Pic-Nemul loaded with capsaicin (K-gum-CAP-Pic-Nemul) to enhance its solubility, stability, and therapeutic efficacy. Here, K-gum was employed to stabilize CAP-loaded Pic-Nemul using emu oil as the lipid phase. The formulations were characterized for particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, in vitro drug release, cytocompatibility, stability, etc. Additionally, release kinetics were analyzed using models such as Korsmeyer–Peppas, zero-order, Higuchi matrix, and Hixson-Crowell. The developed K-gum-CAP-Pic-Nemul showed spherical droplets with rough surfaces and a mean particle size of 13.85 ± 3.49 nm. The formulation exhibited good stability with a zeta potential of -25.14 mV and high entrapment efficiency (73.15 ± 1.18%). As well, sustained drug release was observed (97.14 ± 0.87% over 24 h), fitting the Korsmeyer–Peppas model (R² = 0.998), indicating super case-II transport (n = 1.18). Spectral and thermal analyses confirmed the amorphous transformation of CAP, and cytocompatibility studies revealed its non-toxic nature toward macrophages. In conclusion, the K-gum-stabilized Pic-Nemul demonstrated excellent stability, sustained release, and cytocompatibility, positioning it as a promising nanocarrier for the delivery of CAP.

Graphical Abstract