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<p>The development of multifunctional biocomposite scaffolds based on polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyglycerol azelaic acid (PGAZ) matrices has been and continues to be essential for enhancing bone regeneration. The porous scaffolds in this study are fabricated through salt-leaching and are functionalized by polyethylene glycol (PEG1000) and/or barium titanate (BaTiO₃) nanoparticles to improve hydrophilicity and bioactivity. The copolymer interactions and structural modifications are confirmed through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyses reveal optimal porosity and surface area in scaffold S4 composed of PCL/PGAZ (70/30 wt%) with 40 wt% PEG and 3 wt% BaTiO₃ (PCL/PGAZ-PEG1000/ BaTiO<sub>3</sub>) (mean pore size: 156.9&#xa0;µm, surface area: 24.38 m<sup>2</sup>/g, total pore volume: 0.2558 cm<sup>3</sup>/g). The in vitro assessments demonstrate that S4 loaded with dexamethasone (S4-D) reaches the highest cell proliferation in the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay (p &lt; 0.001), enhances infiltration by hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) staining, with calcium deposition in Alizarin Red Staining (ARS) at day 21. The results of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (Real-time RT-PCR) indicate a significant upregulation of osteocalcin (OC) (1.509 ± 6.102; p &lt; 0.001) in the S4-D group, while no substantial changes are observed in runt-related transcription factor 2 (h-RUNX2) (2.567 ± 1.346; p = 0.338), type I collagen (COL1A1) (1.569 ± 0.992; p = 0.338), and osteonectin (ON) (2.828 ± 1.620; p = 0.338). Although this article mainly focuses on biological performance, the mechanical properties are evaluated to assure sufficient scaffold strength for bone tissue applications. These findings suggest that the synergistic incorporation of PEG and BaTiO₃ into PGAZ/PCL scaffolds significantly promotes osteogenic differentiation, offering a promising strategy for bone tissue engineering.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Synergistic Integration of BaTiO₃ and PEG into PCL/PGAZ Scaffolds for Enhanced Hydrophilicity and Osteogenic Performance

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月13日

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  • Athena Ehsani,
  • Azadeh Asefnejad,
  • Soheila Zamanlui Benisi,
  • Seyed Mohammad Atyabi

摘要

The development of multifunctional biocomposite scaffolds based on polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyglycerol azelaic acid (PGAZ) matrices has been and continues to be essential for enhancing bone regeneration. The porous scaffolds in this study are fabricated through salt-leaching and are functionalized by polyethylene glycol (PEG1000) and/or barium titanate (BaTiO₃) nanoparticles to improve hydrophilicity and bioactivity. The copolymer interactions and structural modifications are confirmed through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyses reveal optimal porosity and surface area in scaffold S4 composed of PCL/PGAZ (70/30 wt%) with 40 wt% PEG and 3 wt% BaTiO₃ (PCL/PGAZ-PEG1000/ BaTiO3) (mean pore size: 156.9 µm, surface area: 24.38 m2/g, total pore volume: 0.2558 cm3/g). The in vitro assessments demonstrate that S4 loaded with dexamethasone (S4-D) reaches the highest cell proliferation in the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay (p < 0.001), enhances infiltration by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, with calcium deposition in Alizarin Red Staining (ARS) at day 21. The results of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (Real-time RT-PCR) indicate a significant upregulation of osteocalcin (OC) (1.509 ± 6.102; p < 0.001) in the S4-D group, while no substantial changes are observed in runt-related transcription factor 2 (h-RUNX2) (2.567 ± 1.346; p = 0.338), type I collagen (COL1A1) (1.569 ± 0.992; p = 0.338), and osteonectin (ON) (2.828 ± 1.620; p = 0.338). Although this article mainly focuses on biological performance, the mechanical properties are evaluated to assure sufficient scaffold strength for bone tissue applications. These findings suggest that the synergistic incorporation of PEG and BaTiO₃ into PGAZ/PCL scaffolds significantly promotes osteogenic differentiation, offering a promising strategy for bone tissue engineering.

Graphical Abstract