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<p>In this study, a novel cryogel composed of Bassorin and carboxymethylcellulose that is crosslinked with calcium ions (BR-CMC-Ca) was developed and evaluated for its ability to remove crystal violet (CV) dye from aqueous environments. The material was fabricated using a simplified freeze-drying method and characterized through various analytical techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) for crystallinity assessment, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) for elemental composition analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) for surface morphologies, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for functional group identification, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis for specific surface area determination. Zeta potential measurements indicated a surface charge of approximately − 75 mV at pH 10, suggesting favorable interactions with positively charged dye molecules. The adsorption performance was systematically investigated under varying experimental conditions, including contact time, initial dye concentration, solution pH, temperature, and adsorbent dosage. Mechanistic insights were achieved through adsorption isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic modeling. The BR-CMC-Ca cryogel exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 210.52&#xa0;mg/g. Kinetic analysis confirmed that the pseudo-first-order model provided the best fit, while the equilibrium data were most accurately described by the Langmuir isotherm. Notably, the material maintained a high adsorption efficiency across five consecutive regeneration cycles. These findings underscore the potential of BR-CMC-Ca as a green, biodegradable adsorbent, offering promising scalability for wastewater treatment contaminated with dyes and in industrial filtration applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Eco-Friendly Cryogel Based on Natural Bassorin and CMC for the Efficient Adsorption of Crystal Violet Dye

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月1日

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  • Sina Azadi,
  • Hossein Anaraki-Ardakani,
  • Morteza Rouhani,
  • Zohreh Mirjafary,
  • Shahrzad Abdolmohammadi

摘要

In this study, a novel cryogel composed of Bassorin and carboxymethylcellulose that is crosslinked with calcium ions (BR-CMC-Ca) was developed and evaluated for its ability to remove crystal violet (CV) dye from aqueous environments. The material was fabricated using a simplified freeze-drying method and characterized through various analytical techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) for crystallinity assessment, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) for elemental composition analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) for surface morphologies, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for functional group identification, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis for specific surface area determination. Zeta potential measurements indicated a surface charge of approximately − 75 mV at pH 10, suggesting favorable interactions with positively charged dye molecules. The adsorption performance was systematically investigated under varying experimental conditions, including contact time, initial dye concentration, solution pH, temperature, and adsorbent dosage. Mechanistic insights were achieved through adsorption isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic modeling. The BR-CMC-Ca cryogel exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 210.52 mg/g. Kinetic analysis confirmed that the pseudo-first-order model provided the best fit, while the equilibrium data were most accurately described by the Langmuir isotherm. Notably, the material maintained a high adsorption efficiency across five consecutive regeneration cycles. These findings underscore the potential of BR-CMC-Ca as a green, biodegradable adsorbent, offering promising scalability for wastewater treatment contaminated with dyes and in industrial filtration applications.

Graphical Abstract