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<p>In recent years, hydrogel-based strain sensors have shown significant promise for applications in electronic skin, wearable devices, and human–computer interaction. However, numerous challenges in achieving a balance between electrical conductivity and mechanical stability continue to hinder their practical implementation. In this study, we developed a novel PPSL dual-network hydrogel-based flexible wearable strain sensor, inspired by cell membranes, by integrating sodium caseinate (SC) and lithium chloride (LiCl) into a polyacrylamide (PAM) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix. The PAM/PVA/SC/LiCl (PPSL) conductive hydrogels exhibited exceptional mechanical properties (1300% strain, 426 kPa stress), self-recovery, and electrical conductivity (0.37 S/m). As a flexible strain sensor, PPSL demonstrated high sensitivity (GF = 5.4), rapid response (227 ms), and durability. Successful applications in human motion monitoring and encrypted Morse code transmission underscore its versatility in wearable electronics and secure communication. This work provides a biomimetic design strategy to expand hydrogel applications in advanced sensing technologies.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Cell Membrane-Inspired Dual Network Organohydrogel-Based Flexible Wearable Strain Sensors for Human Motion Monitoring and Encrypted Communication

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月17日

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  • Yuanhang Li,
  • Peng Liu,
  • Xinyi Ma,
  • Lili Gao,
  • Yaxin Gu,
  • Xintong Shan,
  • Yunxue Liu,
  • Xiangyu Li

摘要

In recent years, hydrogel-based strain sensors have shown significant promise for applications in electronic skin, wearable devices, and human–computer interaction. However, numerous challenges in achieving a balance between electrical conductivity and mechanical stability continue to hinder their practical implementation. In this study, we developed a novel PPSL dual-network hydrogel-based flexible wearable strain sensor, inspired by cell membranes, by integrating sodium caseinate (SC) and lithium chloride (LiCl) into a polyacrylamide (PAM) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix. The PAM/PVA/SC/LiCl (PPSL) conductive hydrogels exhibited exceptional mechanical properties (1300% strain, 426 kPa stress), self-recovery, and electrical conductivity (0.37 S/m). As a flexible strain sensor, PPSL demonstrated high sensitivity (GF = 5.4), rapid response (227 ms), and durability. Successful applications in human motion monitoring and encrypted Morse code transmission underscore its versatility in wearable electronics and secure communication. This work provides a biomimetic design strategy to expand hydrogel applications in advanced sensing technologies.

Graphical abstract