Mechanical objects have been widely used at low temperatures for decades, for various applications; from quantum fluids sensing with vibrating wires or tuning forks, to torsional oscillators for the study of mechanical properties of glasses, and finally micro and nano-mechanical objects with the advent of clean room technologies. These small structures opened up new possibilities to experimentalists, thanks to their small size. We report on the characterization of purely metallic goalpost nano-mechanical structures, which are employed today for both quantum fluids studies (especially quantum turbulence in <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10909_2025_3271_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="8" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$^4$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mn>4</mn> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>He, <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10909_2025_3271_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="8" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$^3$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mn>3</mn> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>He) and intrinsic friction studies (Two-level-systems unraveling). Extending existing literature, we demonstrate the analytic modeling of the resonances, in good agreement with numerical simulations, for both first and second mechanical modes. Especially, the impact of the curvature of the whole structure (and therefore, in-built surface stress) is analyzed, together with nonlinear properties. We demonstrate that these are of geometrical origin and device-dependent. Motion and forces are expressed in meters and Newtons experienced at the level of the goalpost’s paddle, for any magnitude or curvature, which is of particular importance for quantum fluids and solids studies.

Aluminum Goalpost Nano-mechanical Devices at Low Temperatures

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发表日期：

2025年2月8日

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Baptiste Alperin,
Ilya Golokolenov,
Gwénaëlle Julié,
Bruno Fernandez,
Andrew Fefferman,
Eddy Collin

摘要

Mechanical objects have been widely used at low temperatures for decades, for various applications; from quantum fluids sensing with vibrating wires or tuning forks, to torsional oscillators for the study of mechanical properties of glasses, and finally micro and nano-mechanical objects with the advent of clean room technologies. These small structures opened up new possibilities to experimentalists, thanks to their small size. We report on the characterization of purely metallic goalpost nano-mechanical structures, which are employed today for both quantum fluids studies (especially quantum turbulence in $^4$ $^{4}$ He, $^3$ $^{3}$ He) and intrinsic friction studies (Two-level-systems unraveling). Extending existing literature, we demonstrate the analytic modeling of the resonances, in good agreement with numerical simulations, for both first and second mechanical modes. Especially, the impact of the curvature of the whole structure (and therefore, in-built surface stress) is analyzed, together with nonlinear properties. We demonstrate that these are of geometrical origin and device-dependent. Motion and forces are expressed in meters and Newtons experienced at the level of the goalpost’s paddle, for any magnitude or curvature, which is of particular importance for quantum fluids and solids studies.