<p>The IV-VI compound semiconductors comprising binary and ternary tellurides exhibit an elevated effective g factor <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10909_2024_3258_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="35" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((g_\textrm{eff})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mtext>eff</mtext> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and reduced effective mass <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10909_2024_3258_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="35" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((m^{*})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mmultiscripts> <mi>m</mi> <mrow /> <mrow> <mrow /> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </mmultiscripts> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> as a consequence of potent spin-orbit (s.o) interaction. In the ternary compound with magnetic impurity, the observations of high <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10909_2024_3258_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="23" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(g_\textrm{eff}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mtext>eff</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and corresponding low <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10909_2024_3258_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="24" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m^{*}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mi>m</mi> <mrow /> <mrow> <mrow /> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are not only attributed to s.o interaction, but also s/p-d/f hybridization. However, as compared to the exchange interaction, the s.o interaction is the strongest and most dominating in these diluted magnetic semiconductors. The strength of the s.o coupling is manifested by the presence of an elevated <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10909_2024_3258_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="23" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(g_\textrm{eff}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mtext>eff</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and low <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10909_2024_3258_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="24" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m^{*}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mi>m</mi> <mrow /> <mrow> <mrow /> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in the system. In this correspondence, we measure these parameters in <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10909_2024_3258_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="95" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Pb_{1-x}Sn_{x}Te\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>P</mi> <msub> <mi>b</mi> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>-</mo> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>S</mi> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mi>x</mi> </msub> <mi>T</mi> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, with <i>Sn</i> as the non-magnetic impurity for different carriers at fixed temperature; T = 1.5K. Here, we formulate an effective equation within the framework of multi-band <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10909_2024_3258_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="36" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\vec {k}\cdot \vec {\pi }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mi>k</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> <mo>·</mo> <mover accent="true"> <mi>π</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> theory, incorporating the effect of s.o interaction and a magnetic field. We derive expressions for the <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10909_2024_3258_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="23" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(g_\textrm{eff}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mtext>eff</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10909_2024_3258_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="24" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m^{*}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mi>m</mi> <mrow /> <mrow> <mrow /> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> through Green’s function expansion method by considering the above interactions with <i>Sn</i> impurity and assuming the band inversion model relevant to the <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10909_2024_3258_Article_IEq13.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="95" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Pb_{1-x}Sn_{x}Te\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>P</mi> <msub> <mi>b</mi> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>-</mo> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>S</mi> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mi>x</mi> </msub> <mi>T</mi> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> system. Finally, we extensively examine these parameters and their respective anisotropies in <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10909_2024_3258_Article_IEq14.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="95" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Pb_{1-x}Sn_{x}Te\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>P</mi> <msub> <mi>b</mi> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>-</mo> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>S</mi> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mi>x</mi> </msub> <mi>T</mi> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> as functions of carrier concentration and impurity levels at <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10909_2024_3258_Article_IEq15.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="74" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(T=1.5 K\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1.5</mn> <mi>K</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>.We introduce a remarkably high effective g factor, specifically <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10909_2024_3258_Article_IEq16.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="77" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(g_\textrm{eff}=4280\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mtext>eff</mtext> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4280</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, for n<InlineEquation ID="IEq17"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10909_2024_3258_Article_IEq17.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="109" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(-Pb_{1-x}Sn_{x}Te\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mi>P</mi> <msub> <mi>b</mi> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>-</mo> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>S</mi> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mi>x</mi> </msub> <mi>T</mi> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq18"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10909_2024_3258_Article_IEq18.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="77" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(g_\textrm{eff}=3680\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mtext>eff</mtext> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3680</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, for p<InlineEquation ID="IEq19"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10909_2024_3258_Article_IEq19.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="109" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(-Pb_{1-x}Sn_{x}Te\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mi>P</mi> <msub> <mi>b</mi> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>-</mo> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>S</mi> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mi>x</mi> </msub> <mi>T</mi> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. These values exhibit significant anisotropies, accompanied by correspondingly low effective masses, with <InlineEquation ID="IEq20"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10909_2024_3258_Article_IEq20.gif" Format="GIF" Height="18" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="110" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m_{c}^{*}=0.0023m_{0}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mi>m</mi> <mrow> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow /> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </mmultiscripts> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.0023</mn> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq21"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10909_2024_3258_Article_IEq21.gif" Format="GIF" Height="18" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="110" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m_{v}^{*}=0.0024m_{0}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mi>m</mi> <mrow> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow /> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </mmultiscripts> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.0024</mn> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> at <InlineEquation ID="IEq22"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10909_2024_3258_Article_IEq22.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="62" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(x=0.36\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.36</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> within the concentration range of <InlineEquation ID="IEq23"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10909_2024_3258_Article_IEq23.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="29" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(10^{17}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>17</mn> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> to <InlineEquation ID="IEq24"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10909_2024_3258_Article_IEq24.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="66" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(10^{18} {\text{cm}}^{{ - 3}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>18</mn> </msup> <msup> <mrow> <mtext>cm</mtext> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The existence of high <InlineEquation ID="IEq25"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10909_2024_3258_Article_IEq25.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="23" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(g_\textrm{eff}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mtext>eff</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and low <InlineEquation ID="IEq26"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10909_2024_3258_Article_IEq26.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="24" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m^{*}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mi>m</mi> <mrow /> <mrow> <mrow /> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in strongly s.o interacting systems like <i>PbTe</i>, and its alloy <InlineEquation ID="IEq27"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10909_2024_3258_Article_IEq27.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="95" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Pb_{1-x}Sn_{x}Te\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>P</mi> <msub> <mi>b</mi> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>-</mo> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>S</mi> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mi>x</mi> </msub> <mi>T</mi> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> qualify them to be used in spin-orbit physics apart from the field of thermoelectronics.</p>

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Giant Effective g Factor and Low Effective Mass in \(Pb_{1-x}Sn_{x}Te\): Effect of Strong Spin-Orbit Interaction and Band Inversion

  • Himanshu S. Gouda,
  • Sashi S. Behera,
  • Rajiba L. Hota

摘要

The IV-VI compound semiconductors comprising binary and ternary tellurides exhibit an elevated effective g factor \((g_\textrm{eff})\) ( g eff ) and reduced effective mass \((m^{*})\) ( m ) as a consequence of potent spin-orbit (s.o) interaction. In the ternary compound with magnetic impurity, the observations of high \(g_\textrm{eff}\) g eff and corresponding low \(m^{*}\) m are not only attributed to s.o interaction, but also s/p-d/f hybridization. However, as compared to the exchange interaction, the s.o interaction is the strongest and most dominating in these diluted magnetic semiconductors. The strength of the s.o coupling is manifested by the presence of an elevated \(g_\textrm{eff}\) g eff and low \(m^{*}\) m in the system. In this correspondence, we measure these parameters in \(Pb_{1-x}Sn_{x}Te\) P b 1 - x S n x T e , with Sn as the non-magnetic impurity for different carriers at fixed temperature; T = 1.5K. Here, we formulate an effective equation within the framework of multi-band \(\vec {k}\cdot \vec {\pi }\) k · π theory, incorporating the effect of s.o interaction and a magnetic field. We derive expressions for the \(g_\textrm{eff}\) g eff and \(m^{*}\) m through Green’s function expansion method by considering the above interactions with Sn impurity and assuming the band inversion model relevant to the \(Pb_{1-x}Sn_{x}Te\) P b 1 - x S n x T e system. Finally, we extensively examine these parameters and their respective anisotropies in \(Pb_{1-x}Sn_{x}Te\) P b 1 - x S n x T e as functions of carrier concentration and impurity levels at \(T=1.5 K\) T = 1.5 K .We introduce a remarkably high effective g factor, specifically \(g_\textrm{eff}=4280\) g eff = 4280 , for n \(-Pb_{1-x}Sn_{x}Te\) - P b 1 - x S n x T e and \(g_\textrm{eff}=3680\) g eff = 3680 , for p \(-Pb_{1-x}Sn_{x}Te\) - P b 1 - x S n x T e . These values exhibit significant anisotropies, accompanied by correspondingly low effective masses, with \(m_{c}^{*}=0.0023m_{0}\) m c = 0.0023 m 0 and \(m_{v}^{*}=0.0024m_{0}\) m v = 0.0024 m 0 at \(x=0.36\) x = 0.36 within the concentration range of \(10^{17}\) 10 17 to \(10^{18} {\text{cm}}^{{ - 3}}\) 10 18 cm - 3 . The existence of high \(g_\textrm{eff}\) g eff and low \(m^{*}\) m in strongly s.o interacting systems like PbTe, and its alloy \(Pb_{1-x}Sn_{x}Te\) P b 1 - x S n x T e qualify them to be used in spin-orbit physics apart from the field of thermoelectronics.