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<p>The development of environmentally sustainable catalysts has become the pressing need at present to eliminate the organic contamination produced by antibiotics. Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) antibiotics in aquatic systems cause significant environmental and health hazards owing to their challenging biodegradability and environmental persistence. Henceforth, a highly efficient and versatile Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-MoS<sub>2</sub> nanocomposite catalyst has been developed to facilitate effective PMS activation and SMX degradation. The Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-MoS<sub>2</sub>/PMS system degraded the 98.8% of SMX within 30&#xa0;min, at a rate constant of 0.1516&#xa0;min<sup>−1</sup> under predetermined reaction parameters (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-MoS<sub>2</sub> = 0.4&#xa0;g/L, PMS = 0.4&#xa0;mM, SMX = 24&#xa0;mg/L, pH = 7, and T = 35&#xa0;°C) and also demonstrates wide-ranging applicability for multiple pollutants. The impact of Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-MoS<sub>2</sub> dose, PMS and SMX concentration, pH, and anions on the degrading effectiveness of SMX was meticulously investigated. The catalyst also maintained consistent efficacy in actual water matrices, confirming its potential towards SMX degradation. Radical trapping studies supported with EPR analysis revealed that degradation of SMX was mainly achieved through SO<sub>4</sub><sup>∙−</sup>, <sup>∙</sup>OH, and O<sub>2</sub><sup>∙−</sup>. Additionally, SMX degradation pathways were deduced from the degradation by-products derived from LC–MS analysis. The Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-MoS<sub>2</sub> exhibited exceptional reusability, with 87.1% degradation after five cyclic runs. The study will provide fundamental insights into the mechanistic and environmental implications of Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-MoS<sub>2</sub>, as a novel type of the environmentally benign PMS activator for effective mineralization of recalcitrant pollutants from water surface.</p>

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Synergistic Activation of Peroxymonosulfate Through Fe2O3-MoS2 Composites and Their Application Towards the Efficient Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole Antibiotics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月3日

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  • Awais Khalid,
  • Pervaiz Ahmad,
  • Satam Alotibi,
  • Tanjina Nasrin Tamin,
  • Adeel Ahmed

摘要

The development of environmentally sustainable catalysts has become the pressing need at present to eliminate the organic contamination produced by antibiotics. Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) antibiotics in aquatic systems cause significant environmental and health hazards owing to their challenging biodegradability and environmental persistence. Henceforth, a highly efficient and versatile Fe2O3-MoS2 nanocomposite catalyst has been developed to facilitate effective PMS activation and SMX degradation. The Fe2O3-MoS2/PMS system degraded the 98.8% of SMX within 30 min, at a rate constant of 0.1516 min−1 under predetermined reaction parameters (Fe2O3-MoS2 = 0.4 g/L, PMS = 0.4 mM, SMX = 24 mg/L, pH = 7, and T = 35 °C) and also demonstrates wide-ranging applicability for multiple pollutants. The impact of Fe2O3-MoS2 dose, PMS and SMX concentration, pH, and anions on the degrading effectiveness of SMX was meticulously investigated. The catalyst also maintained consistent efficacy in actual water matrices, confirming its potential towards SMX degradation. Radical trapping studies supported with EPR analysis revealed that degradation of SMX was mainly achieved through SO4∙−, ∙OH, and O2∙−. Additionally, SMX degradation pathways were deduced from the degradation by-products derived from LC–MS analysis. The Fe2O3-MoS2 exhibited exceptional reusability, with 87.1% degradation after five cyclic runs. The study will provide fundamental insights into the mechanistic and environmental implications of Fe2O3-MoS2, as a novel type of the environmentally benign PMS activator for effective mineralization of recalcitrant pollutants from water surface.