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<p>This study presents a scalable synthesis of a Ru-impregnated Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-GaFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> hybrid as a dual-function material for photocatalytic hydrogen generation and the decomposition of pharmaceutical contaminants. The Ru-modified Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/GaFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> hybrid photocatalyst was studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectra, photoluminescence (PL) spectra, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). TEM results indicate that Ru-modified Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> displayed a distinct needle-like morphology, comparable to a porcupine structure, with an average size of 25–35&#xa0;nm and uniformly integrated on the surface of spherical GaFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> particles. The findings indicate that the Ru-modified Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/GaFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> achieved 94% tetracycline removal under visible-light irradiation for 90&#xa0;min. Furthermore, the catalyst demonstrates increased TOC efficiency (51.2%), a rate constant (0.0242&#xa0;min<sup>− 1</sup>), and commendable stability throughout multiple cycles. The reason for the improvement in the photocatalytic process and its mechanism was examined thoroughly. Furthermore, the photocatalytic H<sub>2</sub> production reaction was studied under LED illumination. Compared to GaFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (145 µmol<sup>− 1</sup> h<sup>− 1</sup> of H<sub>2</sub>), Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (495 µmol<sup>− 1</sup> h<sup>− 1</sup> of H<sub>2</sub>), and Ru-modified Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (563 µmol<sup>− 1</sup> h<sup>− 1</sup> of H<sub>2</sub>), the Ru-modified Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/GaFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> exhibited an excellent H<sub>2</sub> generation rate under visible light (926 µmol<sup>− 1</sup> h<sup>− 1</sup> of H<sub>2</sub>). The robust catalytic properties of these distinctive ternary structures for hydrogen production and pollutant removal make them ideal candidates for the catalyst industry.</p>

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Dual-Functional Ru-Filled Co3O4 Nanoneedles/GaFe2O4 Photocatalyst for Solar Hydrogen Generation and Pharmaceutical Degradation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月1日

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  • Mohammad Hasan,
  • Metwally Madkour

摘要

This study presents a scalable synthesis of a Ru-impregnated Co3O4-GaFe2O4 hybrid as a dual-function material for photocatalytic hydrogen generation and the decomposition of pharmaceutical contaminants. The Ru-modified Co3O4/GaFe2O4 hybrid photocatalyst was studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectra, photoluminescence (PL) spectra, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). TEM results indicate that Ru-modified Co3O4 displayed a distinct needle-like morphology, comparable to a porcupine structure, with an average size of 25–35 nm and uniformly integrated on the surface of spherical GaFe2O4 particles. The findings indicate that the Ru-modified Co3O4/GaFe2O4 achieved 94% tetracycline removal under visible-light irradiation for 90 min. Furthermore, the catalyst demonstrates increased TOC efficiency (51.2%), a rate constant (0.0242 min− 1), and commendable stability throughout multiple cycles. The reason for the improvement in the photocatalytic process and its mechanism was examined thoroughly. Furthermore, the photocatalytic H2 production reaction was studied under LED illumination. Compared to GaFe2O4 (145 µmol− 1 h− 1 of H2), Co3O4 (495 µmol− 1 h− 1 of H2), and Ru-modified Co3O4 (563 µmol− 1 h− 1 of H2), the Ru-modified Co3O4/GaFe2O4 exhibited an excellent H2 generation rate under visible light (926 µmol− 1 h− 1 of H2). The robust catalytic properties of these distinctive ternary structures for hydrogen production and pollutant removal make them ideal candidates for the catalyst industry.