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<p>The optimization of surface chemistry in nanomaterials is vital for enhancing their applicability in advanced healthcare sectors. This study focuses on synthesizing polymer-functionalized NPs (NPs) to improve structural stability and biological efficacy against a broad spectrum of pathogens. Herein, calcium fluoride (CaF₂) and sodium alginate-functionalized CaF₂ (CaF₂–SA) NPs were synthesized to determine the impact of SA on physicochemical and optical properties. The synthesized NPs were extensively characterized using XRD, UV-Vis, DLS, FTIR, PL, electron microscopy (SEM/TEM), and XPS. Their enhanced performance is attributed to defect passivation, reduced crystallite size, and the formation of a homogeneous organic-inorganic interface through strong chemical interactions between Ca²⁺ sites and alginate functional groups. The CaF₂–SA NPs exhibited superior broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity compared to bare CaF₂ against <i>S. aureus</i>, <i>S. pneumoniae</i> (Gram-positive), <i>K. pneumoniae</i>, <i>E. coli</i> (Gram-negative) and <i>C. albicans</i> (fungal strains). The quantitative assessments via MIC, MBC, and CFU assays confirmed effective inhibition of CaF<sub>2</sub>-SA. These findings highlight defect modulation and polymer passivation as powerful strategies, suggesting CaF₂–SA NPs as promising candidates for advanced bio-interactive and healthcare applications.</p>

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Sodium Alginate–Engineered CaF₂ NPs: Surface Passivation, and Tunable Biofunctional Performance

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月9日

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  • Prabu Pachiyannan,
  • Indumathi Thangavelu

摘要

The optimization of surface chemistry in nanomaterials is vital for enhancing their applicability in advanced healthcare sectors. This study focuses on synthesizing polymer-functionalized NPs (NPs) to improve structural stability and biological efficacy against a broad spectrum of pathogens. Herein, calcium fluoride (CaF₂) and sodium alginate-functionalized CaF₂ (CaF₂–SA) NPs were synthesized to determine the impact of SA on physicochemical and optical properties. The synthesized NPs were extensively characterized using XRD, UV-Vis, DLS, FTIR, PL, electron microscopy (SEM/TEM), and XPS. Their enhanced performance is attributed to defect passivation, reduced crystallite size, and the formation of a homogeneous organic-inorganic interface through strong chemical interactions between Ca²⁺ sites and alginate functional groups. The CaF₂–SA NPs exhibited superior broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity compared to bare CaF₂ against S. aureus, S. pneumoniae (Gram-positive), K. pneumoniae, E. coli (Gram-negative) and C. albicans (fungal strains). The quantitative assessments via MIC, MBC, and CFU assays confirmed effective inhibition of CaF2-SA. These findings highlight defect modulation and polymer passivation as powerful strategies, suggesting CaF₂–SA NPs as promising candidates for advanced bio-interactive and healthcare applications.