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<p>In this study, (1-x)Cu<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>/xZnO heterostructured photoanodes were successfully fabricated and evaluated for the visible-light-driven photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic degradation of Tetracycline (TC). Structural characterization confirmed the formation of a stable composite without secondary phases, while optical analysis revealed suitable band-gap energies for light activation. Mott–Schottky measurements demonstrated the formation of an n–n heterojunction with favorable band alignment, promoting directional charge migration and suppressing electron–hole recombination. Among the investigated compositions, the 0.2Cu<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>/0.8ZnO electrode exhibited the highest activity, showing enhanced photocurrent density, reduced charge-transfer resistance, and improved open-circuit potential response. Double-layer capacitance (C<sub>dl</sub>) measurements further indicated a larger electrochemically active interface for the composite compared to the pristine materials. Radical trapping experiments confirmed that holes and superoxide radicals are the primary reactive species responsible for TC degradation. Importantly, chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis revealed rapid and nearly complete mineralization, reaching 99% within 30&#xa0;min of photoelectrocatalytic treatment. The composite also demonstrated excellent structural stability and reusability, with no detectable phase changes after repeated cycles. The enhanced performance is attributed to the synergistic interaction between Cu<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> and ZnO, which facilitates efficient charge separation, improved interfacial charge transfer, and effective generation of reactive oxidative species. These results demonstrate that the Cu<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>/ZnO system represents a promising, low-cost, and durable platform for the efficient removal of antibiotic contaminants from water.</p>

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Enhanced Visible-Light Photodegradation of Tetracycline via an Efficient n–n Heterojunction Between Cu3(PO4)2 and ZnO: Band Structure Engineering, Charge Transport, and Mechanistic Insights

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月11日

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  • Ayoub Ahdour,
  • Nadya Douihi,
  • Omar Ouzaguine,
  • Latifa Aneflous,
  • Aziz Taoufyq,
  • Bahcine Bakiz,
  • Abdeljalil Benlhachemi

摘要

In this study, (1-x)Cu3(PO4)3/xZnO heterostructured photoanodes were successfully fabricated and evaluated for the visible-light-driven photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic degradation of Tetracycline (TC). Structural characterization confirmed the formation of a stable composite without secondary phases, while optical analysis revealed suitable band-gap energies for light activation. Mott–Schottky measurements demonstrated the formation of an n–n heterojunction with favorable band alignment, promoting directional charge migration and suppressing electron–hole recombination. Among the investigated compositions, the 0.2Cu3(PO4)2/0.8ZnO electrode exhibited the highest activity, showing enhanced photocurrent density, reduced charge-transfer resistance, and improved open-circuit potential response. Double-layer capacitance (Cdl) measurements further indicated a larger electrochemically active interface for the composite compared to the pristine materials. Radical trapping experiments confirmed that holes and superoxide radicals are the primary reactive species responsible for TC degradation. Importantly, chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis revealed rapid and nearly complete mineralization, reaching 99% within 30 min of photoelectrocatalytic treatment. The composite also demonstrated excellent structural stability and reusability, with no detectable phase changes after repeated cycles. The enhanced performance is attributed to the synergistic interaction between Cu3(PO4)2 and ZnO, which facilitates efficient charge separation, improved interfacial charge transfer, and effective generation of reactive oxidative species. These results demonstrate that the Cu3(PO4)2/ZnO system represents a promising, low-cost, and durable platform for the efficient removal of antibiotic contaminants from water.