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<p>The pervasive occurrence of antibiotics in aquatic environments, together with the escalation of antimicrobial resistance, demands treatment technologies capable of both selectively capturing and efficiently transforming these persistent pollutants. Conventional processes—biological treatment, oxidation and membrane separations—often suffer from incomplete removal, high energy demand and secondary waste generation. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and MOF-based composites have therefore emerged as promising dual-function materials that integrate adsorption with photocatalytic degradation. This review presents a critical and up-to-date assessment of MOF architectures for the abatement of major antibiotic classes (tetracyclines, sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, β-lactams and macrolides) in water. Particular attention is given to MOF composition, synthesis routes and strategies for enhancing hydrolytic stability and enabling green or scalable production. Framework topology, functionalisation and defect/composite engineering are systematically related to adsorption and photocatalytic mechanisms, with emphasis on structure–property–performance relationships, pore chemistry, band-structure tuning and reactive oxygen species generation under visible or solar irradiation. Regeneration methods, long-term stability, performance in realistic water matrices and emerging techno-economic and life-cycle assessments are critically analysed. On this basis, the review identifies key research gaps and formulates design principles for data-driven and mechanistically guided development of MOF-based materials as sustainable platforms for advanced antibiotic removal.</p>

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Nanoarchitectonics of Metal–organic Framework Technologies for Dual Antibiotic Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation in Water Treatment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月11日

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  • Ayman K. El-Sawaf,
  • Amal A. Nassar,
  • Mahmoud F. Mubarak,
  • Mohamed Hemdan

摘要

The pervasive occurrence of antibiotics in aquatic environments, together with the escalation of antimicrobial resistance, demands treatment technologies capable of both selectively capturing and efficiently transforming these persistent pollutants. Conventional processes—biological treatment, oxidation and membrane separations—often suffer from incomplete removal, high energy demand and secondary waste generation. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and MOF-based composites have therefore emerged as promising dual-function materials that integrate adsorption with photocatalytic degradation. This review presents a critical and up-to-date assessment of MOF architectures for the abatement of major antibiotic classes (tetracyclines, sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, β-lactams and macrolides) in water. Particular attention is given to MOF composition, synthesis routes and strategies for enhancing hydrolytic stability and enabling green or scalable production. Framework topology, functionalisation and defect/composite engineering are systematically related to adsorption and photocatalytic mechanisms, with emphasis on structure–property–performance relationships, pore chemistry, band-structure tuning and reactive oxygen species generation under visible or solar irradiation. Regeneration methods, long-term stability, performance in realistic water matrices and emerging techno-economic and life-cycle assessments are critically analysed. On this basis, the review identifies key research gaps and formulates design principles for data-driven and mechanistically guided development of MOF-based materials as sustainable platforms for advanced antibiotic removal.