Doping-Enhanced Luminescence of Biowaste-Derived Carbon Quantum Dots for Dual-Mode Ratiometric and Colorimetric Detection of Tetracycline
摘要
Dual-emission fluorescent probes have garnered considerable attention due to their inherent self-calibration capability, which enhances the sensitivity, reproducibility, and reliability of analytical measurements. The sustainable development of such probes from low-cost, biomass-derived precursors further increases their potential for environmental and pharmaceutical monitoring. In this study, we report a hydrothermal approach to synthesize carbon quantum dots (CQDs) from lemon peel, an abundant agro-industrial waste rich in carbon and heteroatom-containing functional groups. Two types of CQDs were prepared: undoped (Un-CQDs) and zinc-doped (Zn-CQDs). The Zn-CQDs displayed a distinct dual-emission behavior upon interaction with tetracycline (TC), highlighting their potential for sensing applications. Specifically, the Zn-CQDs displayed strong blue emission at 420 nm under 350 nm excitation, which was progressively quenched upon TC binding, Zn-CQDs@TC, concomitant with the emergence of a greenish-yellow emission at 530 nm. In contrast, Un-CQDs exhibited only a simple quenching effect without secondary emission. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the ratiometric behavior of Zn-CQDs originated from a synergistic contribution of the inner filter effect and coordination-aggregation-induced emission (CAIE), wherein the presence of Zn dopants played a crucial role in enabling the CAIE effect. We developed a ratiometric fluorescence-based sensing approach along with a visual colorimetric platform, allowing for highly sensitive and selective determination of TC in pharmaceutical products and environmental water samples.
Graphical Abstract