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<p>The sol-gel technique was employed to synthesise Sm<sup>3+</sup>-doped Cu-MgFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> spinel ferrites, confirming the samples’ cubic spinel structure. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed a single-phase cubic spinel structure, with Rietveld refinement indicating that Sm3 + ions occupy octahedral sites, leading to lattice deformation and improved crystallinity. With increasing Sm3 + concentration, both grain and particle sizes decreased. The mechanical parameter indicated that the surface area varied between 29.645 and 31.606 (m<sup>2</sup>/g). The SEM and TEM images showed that each particle had a spherical morphology. FESEM illustrations indicated grain sizes between 58.16 and 62.15&#xa0;nm. The compositional verification was conducted using EDS analysis, which confirmed the presence of components in appropriate proportions. UV-vis analysis identified a direct band gap ranging from 1.85 to 1.67&#xa0;eV, suggesting semiconducting properties of the materials. Sm3 + doping enhanced the dielectric constant through its effects on space charge polarisation and charge hopping, with conductivity following a Debye-type relaxation mechanism. DC electrical conductivity studies further confirmed the semiconducting nature of these materials. Magnetic measurements were conducted using VSM, revealing that the saturation magnetisation decreased from 26.826 to 22.542 emu/g upon the introduction of the Sm<sup>3+</sup> ions. The M<sub>R</sub>/M<sub>S</sub> ratio for all ferrites is below 0.5, confirming their ferromagnetic isotropy and their functioning as magnetic semiconductors.</p>

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Synthesis of Rare Earth Sm3+-Doped Cu-MgFe2O4 Spinel Ferrites: Structural, Optical, Dielectric, and Magnetic Properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月27日

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  • G. Vinod,
  • N. Hari Kumar,
  • Suryam Neeradi,
  • Gajula Kiran,
  • N. Anitha,
  • B. Sreematha,
  • Byru Venkatram Reddy,
  • J. Laxman Naik

摘要

The sol-gel technique was employed to synthesise Sm3+-doped Cu-MgFe2O4 spinel ferrites, confirming the samples’ cubic spinel structure. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed a single-phase cubic spinel structure, with Rietveld refinement indicating that Sm3 + ions occupy octahedral sites, leading to lattice deformation and improved crystallinity. With increasing Sm3 + concentration, both grain and particle sizes decreased. The mechanical parameter indicated that the surface area varied between 29.645 and 31.606 (m2/g). The SEM and TEM images showed that each particle had a spherical morphology. FESEM illustrations indicated grain sizes between 58.16 and 62.15 nm. The compositional verification was conducted using EDS analysis, which confirmed the presence of components in appropriate proportions. UV-vis analysis identified a direct band gap ranging from 1.85 to 1.67 eV, suggesting semiconducting properties of the materials. Sm3 + doping enhanced the dielectric constant through its effects on space charge polarisation and charge hopping, with conductivity following a Debye-type relaxation mechanism. DC electrical conductivity studies further confirmed the semiconducting nature of these materials. Magnetic measurements were conducted using VSM, revealing that the saturation magnetisation decreased from 26.826 to 22.542 emu/g upon the introduction of the Sm3+ ions. The MR/MS ratio for all ferrites is below 0.5, confirming their ferromagnetic isotropy and their functioning as magnetic semiconductors.