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<p>An eco-friendly approach was employed to synthesize pure ZnO and Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles using <i>Justicia adhatoda</i> leaf extract as a natural reducing and capping agent. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis verified the crystalline nature and hexagonal wurtzite phase of the green-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. UV–Visible spectral analysis demonstrated a band gap narrowing from 3.03&#xa0;eV for pure ZnO to 2.86&#xa0;eV for Fe-doped ZnO, indicating enhanced optical behavior as a result of Fe incorporation. Morphological studies using FE-SEM and HRTEM revealed a hexagonal shape with a nanosheet structure, while EDAX confirmed the elemental composition of the nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) identified the functional groups in the samples, indicating the role of phytochemicals from <i>Justicia adhatoda.</i> X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) further confirmed the successful incorporation of Fe<sup>2+</sup> ions into the Zn<sup>2+</sup> lattice. Photoluminescence (PL) analysis was performed to assess the emission characteristics, while zeta potential measurements were utilized to determine the surface stability of the nanoparticles. The photocatalytic performance of pure ZnO was noted to be 81% for the degradation of bromophenol blue and 78% for fast green. In contrast, Fe-doped ZnO demonstrated improved efficiencies of 96% and 98% for the degradation of bromophenol blue and fast green, respectively. The Fe–ZnO nanoparticles achieved efficiencies of 96% and 98% in 180&#xa0;min for bromophenol blue and in 150&#xa0;min for fast green pollutants. Furthermore, The Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles demonstrated higher inhibition areas against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (11–18mm), <i>Bacillus subtilis </i>(11–15mm), <i>Penicillium</i> (09–12mm), and <i>Rhizopus</i> (16–17mm) compared to the pure ZnO nanoparticles (<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (09–11mm), <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (01–12mm), <i>Penicillium </i>(08–12mm), and <i>Rhizopus</i> (17–20mm)).These results suggest that the green-synthesized pure ZnO and Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles have significant potential for photocatalytic and antimicrobial uses.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Exploring the Potential of Iron-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized from Justicia adhatoda for Enhanced Photocatalytic and Antimicrobial Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月15日

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  • Prabavathi N,
  • Stella Mary S,
  • Murugadoss Govindhasamy,
  • Venkatesh Nachimuthu

摘要

An eco-friendly approach was employed to synthesize pure ZnO and Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles using Justicia adhatoda leaf extract as a natural reducing and capping agent. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis verified the crystalline nature and hexagonal wurtzite phase of the green-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. UV–Visible spectral analysis demonstrated a band gap narrowing from 3.03 eV for pure ZnO to 2.86 eV for Fe-doped ZnO, indicating enhanced optical behavior as a result of Fe incorporation. Morphological studies using FE-SEM and HRTEM revealed a hexagonal shape with a nanosheet structure, while EDAX confirmed the elemental composition of the nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) identified the functional groups in the samples, indicating the role of phytochemicals from Justicia adhatoda. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) further confirmed the successful incorporation of Fe2+ ions into the Zn2+ lattice. Photoluminescence (PL) analysis was performed to assess the emission characteristics, while zeta potential measurements were utilized to determine the surface stability of the nanoparticles. The photocatalytic performance of pure ZnO was noted to be 81% for the degradation of bromophenol blue and 78% for fast green. In contrast, Fe-doped ZnO demonstrated improved efficiencies of 96% and 98% for the degradation of bromophenol blue and fast green, respectively. The Fe–ZnO nanoparticles achieved efficiencies of 96% and 98% in 180 min for bromophenol blue and in 150 min for fast green pollutants. Furthermore, The Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles demonstrated higher inhibition areas against Staphylococcus aureus (11–18mm), Bacillus subtilis (11–15mm), Penicillium (09–12mm), and Rhizopus (16–17mm) compared to the pure ZnO nanoparticles (Staphylococcus aureus (09–11mm), Bacillus subtilis (01–12mm), Penicillium (08–12mm), and Rhizopus (17–20mm)).These results suggest that the green-synthesized pure ZnO and Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles have significant potential for photocatalytic and antimicrobial uses.

Graphical Abstract