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<p>Most studies on protest voting assume that this form of electoral behaviour is related to an evaluation of the functioning of the political system. More recent research, however, indicates that protest voting might also be related to a more generalised form of dissatisfaction. In this paper, we investigate the relation between subjective well-being and protest voting in Belgium, while paying attention to community level determinants of subjective well-being. An analysis of the 2024 Belgian election survey indeed confirms that protest voters tend to report lower levels of subjective well-being. A mediation analysis, however, suggests that in the Dutch language region, the effect of subjective well-being on protest voting is almost fully mediated by anti-immigrant sentiments. In the concluding section of the article, we offer suggestions on future research about the relation between subjective well-being and protest voting.</p>

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Subjective Well-Being and Voting for Protest Parties. A Mediation Analysis for Election Survey Data From Belgium, 2024

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月1日

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  • Marc Hooghe,
  • Steven De Keyser,
  • Dieter Stiers

摘要

Most studies on protest voting assume that this form of electoral behaviour is related to an evaluation of the functioning of the political system. More recent research, however, indicates that protest voting might also be related to a more generalised form of dissatisfaction. In this paper, we investigate the relation between subjective well-being and protest voting in Belgium, while paying attention to community level determinants of subjective well-being. An analysis of the 2024 Belgian election survey indeed confirms that protest voters tend to report lower levels of subjective well-being. A mediation analysis, however, suggests that in the Dutch language region, the effect of subjective well-being on protest voting is almost fully mediated by anti-immigrant sentiments. In the concluding section of the article, we offer suggestions on future research about the relation between subjective well-being and protest voting.