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<p>This study introduces the conceptualization and development of the Presence Scale. Presence refers to a state of being wherein the mind is still but highly aware, and where the sense of self is often experienced as part of something larger. To develop the Presence Scale, we employed a multistep process based on best practice. Exploratory factor analyses were first conducted with two independent samples (Study 1, <i>N</i> = 599; Study 2, <i>N</i> =384). Study 3 employed a confirmatory factor analysis with a new, national U.S. sample (<i>N</i> = 601). Results demonstrated that the 14-item Presence Scale exhibits strong psychometric properties and that it is a hierarchical construct consisting of 3 factors: Stillness of Mind, Present Moment Awareness, and Consciousness Beyond Self. Analyses revealed a modest negative correlation between Presence and rumination, demonstrating discriminant validity. Discussion focuses on the potential of the Presence scale to open up the scientific understanding and measurement of one of the deepest experiences of the human condition.</p>

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The Presence Scale: A Measure of Optimal Conscious Awareness and Being Without Thought

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月10日

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  • Peter H. Kahn Jr.,
  • Sarena Sabine,
  • Carly E. Gray,
  • Gregory N. Bratman,
  • Carina Croitoru,
  • Katie M. Navidi

摘要

This study introduces the conceptualization and development of the Presence Scale. Presence refers to a state of being wherein the mind is still but highly aware, and where the sense of self is often experienced as part of something larger. To develop the Presence Scale, we employed a multistep process based on best practice. Exploratory factor analyses were first conducted with two independent samples (Study 1, N = 599; Study 2, N =384). Study 3 employed a confirmatory factor analysis with a new, national U.S. sample (N = 601). Results demonstrated that the 14-item Presence Scale exhibits strong psychometric properties and that it is a hierarchical construct consisting of 3 factors: Stillness of Mind, Present Moment Awareness, and Consciousness Beyond Self. Analyses revealed a modest negative correlation between Presence and rumination, demonstrating discriminant validity. Discussion focuses on the potential of the Presence scale to open up the scientific understanding and measurement of one of the deepest experiences of the human condition.