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<p>Although peace has an intriguing dual character, with both “inner” forms (e.g., low arousal positive states) and “outer forms (e.g., calm and stable societal conditions), there has been minimal work on the <i>relationship</i> between these forms. Drawing on prior literature across various fields, including research exploring the impact of conflict situations on people’s emotions, we hypothesize there is a positive association between inner and outer peace (e.g., people in situations of low outer peacefulness are liable to have lower levels of inner peace). We explored this using data from the most globally comprehensive study to date on inner peace, featuring 386,654 participants in 144 countries across the 2020, 2021, and 2022 Gallup World Polls, which included three items that asked about inner peace in subtly different ways: “Did you feel at peace most of the day yesterday, or not?” (2020); “In general, how often do you feel you are at peace with your thoughts and feelings?” (2021); and “In general, how often can you find inner peace during difficult times?” (2022). We then explored the association of these items with three variables pertaining to outer peace, namely two items about safety/security in the World Poll, together with country-level peacefulness as assessed by the Global Peace Index. While our hypothesis was mostly supported, there were intriguing nuances (e.g., a small but significant <i>inverse</i> relationship between the 2021 item and country-level peacefulness), shedding new light on this important but relatively neglected question of the connection between inner and outer peace.</p>

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The Complex Relationship between Inner and Outer Peace: New Global Insights from the Gallup World Poll

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月23日

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  • Tim Lomas,
  • Ryan Niemiec,
  • Pablo Diego-Rosell,
  • Alden Yuanhong Lai,
  • Matthew T. Lee,
  • Tyler J. VanderWeele

摘要

Although peace has an intriguing dual character, with both “inner” forms (e.g., low arousal positive states) and “outer forms (e.g., calm and stable societal conditions), there has been minimal work on the relationship between these forms. Drawing on prior literature across various fields, including research exploring the impact of conflict situations on people’s emotions, we hypothesize there is a positive association between inner and outer peace (e.g., people in situations of low outer peacefulness are liable to have lower levels of inner peace). We explored this using data from the most globally comprehensive study to date on inner peace, featuring 386,654 participants in 144 countries across the 2020, 2021, and 2022 Gallup World Polls, which included three items that asked about inner peace in subtly different ways: “Did you feel at peace most of the day yesterday, or not?” (2020); “In general, how often do you feel you are at peace with your thoughts and feelings?” (2021); and “In general, how often can you find inner peace during difficult times?” (2022). We then explored the association of these items with three variables pertaining to outer peace, namely two items about safety/security in the World Poll, together with country-level peacefulness as assessed by the Global Peace Index. While our hypothesis was mostly supported, there were intriguing nuances (e.g., a small but significant inverse relationship between the 2021 item and country-level peacefulness), shedding new light on this important but relatively neglected question of the connection between inner and outer peace.