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Purpose <p>Evidence on the relationship between women’s working status and intimate partner violence (IPV) remains mixed, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Moreover, limited research has examined whether this association varies by husbands’ attitudes toward violence. This study aimed to examine the association between women’s working status and IPV victimization, focusing on the moderating role of husbands’ attitudes toward wife-beating among married women in India.</p> Methods <p>Using nationally representative data from the National Family Health Survey 2019–2021, we analyzed a sample of 42,407 married women aged 18–49. Multilevel linear probability models were used to estimate associations.</p> Results <p>Overall, 26.5% of women reported IPV victimization in the past year. Women’s working status was associated with a higher likelihood of IPV victimization, though the magnitude varied by occupation (<i>b</i> = 0.024, 95% CI [0.009, 0.038] for white-collar jobs; <i>b</i> = 0.053, 95% CI [0.043, 0.063] for blue-collar jobs). Importantly, husbands’ attitudes toward violence moderated these associations: among women whose husbands justified wife-beating, the risk of IPV was higher for both working occupational groups (<i>b</i> = 0.036, 95% CI [0.007, 0.065] for white-collar jobs; <i>b</i> = 0.032, 95% CI [0.014, 0.051] for blue-collar jobs). When husbands perceived wife-beating as unjustifiable, the risk difference between non-working and white-collar women was negligible.</p> Conclusions <p>Women’s working status alone may not protect them against IPV victimization in patriarchal contexts. Efforts to enhance women’s economic empowerment should be coupled with strategies to shift gender norms and reduce the social acceptance of IPV.</p>

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Women’s Working Status and Intimate Partner Violence Victimization in India: The Role of Husbands’ Attitudes Toward Violence

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月28日

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  • Soohyeon Ko,
  • Abigail Puno-Balagosa,
  • Sunil Rajpal,
  • William Joe,
  • Mala Ramanathan,
  • S. V. Subramanian,
  • Rockli Kim

摘要

Purpose

Evidence on the relationship between women’s working status and intimate partner violence (IPV) remains mixed, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Moreover, limited research has examined whether this association varies by husbands’ attitudes toward violence. This study aimed to examine the association between women’s working status and IPV victimization, focusing on the moderating role of husbands’ attitudes toward wife-beating among married women in India.

Methods

Using nationally representative data from the National Family Health Survey 2019–2021, we analyzed a sample of 42,407 married women aged 18–49. Multilevel linear probability models were used to estimate associations.

Results

Overall, 26.5% of women reported IPV victimization in the past year. Women’s working status was associated with a higher likelihood of IPV victimization, though the magnitude varied by occupation (b = 0.024, 95% CI [0.009, 0.038] for white-collar jobs; b = 0.053, 95% CI [0.043, 0.063] for blue-collar jobs). Importantly, husbands’ attitudes toward violence moderated these associations: among women whose husbands justified wife-beating, the risk of IPV was higher for both working occupational groups (b = 0.036, 95% CI [0.007, 0.065] for white-collar jobs; b = 0.032, 95% CI [0.014, 0.051] for blue-collar jobs). When husbands perceived wife-beating as unjustifiable, the risk difference between non-working and white-collar women was negligible.

Conclusions

Women’s working status alone may not protect them against IPV victimization in patriarchal contexts. Efforts to enhance women’s economic empowerment should be coupled with strategies to shift gender norms and reduce the social acceptance of IPV.