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<p>Cyanide is a highly toxic anion. Humans are commonly exposed to cyanide through the consumption of drinking water or by eating plants that contain cyanogenic glucosides, such as cassava, a key carbohydrate source in many diets. While numerous methods exist for cyanide detection, few are both cost-effective and simple enough for use by individuals without specialized training. In this work, we designed and synthesized a hemicyanine-based fluorescent sensor ZM-FES for the detection of cyanide (CN<sup>−</sup>). Among the anions tested, the sensor showed high selectivity towards CN<sup>−</sup>. The addition of CN<sup>−</sup> to ZM-FES in aqueous solution (ACN/H<sub>2</sub>O (1:1, v/v)) caused a dramatic decrease in the absorbance and fluorescence intensities. The detection mechanism was based on nucleophilic addition between CN<sup>−</sup> and the indolium group, which was confirmed by <sup>1</sup>H NMR and mass spectral analysis. The fluorescence intensity plot as a function of CN<sup>−</sup> concentration showed a good linear relationship in the range 0–10 µM, and the detection limit was calculated as 0.195 µM. Furthermore, the proposed detection approach can operate over a wide pH range from 2.1 to 9.3. Finally, ZM-FES was successfully utilized to detect CN<sup>−</sup> in food samples and satisfactory results were obtained.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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A Highly Selective Hemicyanine-Based Turn-Off Fluorescent Sensor for Cyanide Detection in Food Samples

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月8日

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  • Fuat Gokbel,
  • Ziya Aydin,
  • Şeyma Akın,
  • Esma Nur Çenet,
  • Mustafa Keles

摘要

Cyanide is a highly toxic anion. Humans are commonly exposed to cyanide through the consumption of drinking water or by eating plants that contain cyanogenic glucosides, such as cassava, a key carbohydrate source in many diets. While numerous methods exist for cyanide detection, few are both cost-effective and simple enough for use by individuals without specialized training. In this work, we designed and synthesized a hemicyanine-based fluorescent sensor ZM-FES for the detection of cyanide (CN−). Among the anions tested, the sensor showed high selectivity towards CN−. The addition of CN− to ZM-FES in aqueous solution (ACN/H2O (1:1, v/v)) caused a dramatic decrease in the absorbance and fluorescence intensities. The detection mechanism was based on nucleophilic addition between CN− and the indolium group, which was confirmed by 1H NMR and mass spectral analysis. The fluorescence intensity plot as a function of CN− concentration showed a good linear relationship in the range 0–10 µM, and the detection limit was calculated as 0.195 µM. Furthermore, the proposed detection approach can operate over a wide pH range from 2.1 to 9.3. Finally, ZM-FES was successfully utilized to detect CN− in food samples and satisfactory results were obtained.

Graphical Abstract