Scholarlink

<p>Despite widespread applications of salsalate (SLS) as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), its therapeutic performance remains restricted by poor solubility, highlighting the need for improved delivery systems. Although nanoemulsions can enhance the performance of hydrophobic drugs, their application to SLS has not been sufficiently explored, representing a critical research gap. To address this, the current study focuses on integrating two complementary strategies within a single nanoformulation based on self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS). Alkylated ferulic acid (AL-FA), with a hydrophobic alkyl chain, serves as a functionalizing agent for SNEDDS, enhancing interfacial stability and contributing intrinsic anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. While SLS is effectively loaded within the core of nanoemulsion, overcoming its solubility limitations and improving its therapeutic performance. Therefore, combining AL-FA functionalization with SLS-loaded SNEDDS is anticipated to synergistically improve the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of the formulation. The formulations were evaluated for anti-oxidant activity, which is crucial for mitigating inflammation, and for behavioral effects, as systemic inflammation is known to induce both metabolic and behavioral changes. The AL-FA functionalized SLS-loaded SNEDDS demonstrated significant anti-oxidant activity, while behavioral analysis using dark box activity, elevated plus maze tests, open field tests, and forced swim tests indicated enhanced anxiolytic and antidepressant effects upon comparison with non-functionalized SLS-loaded SNEDDS. These behavioral improvements suggest a reduction in anxiety and depression-like symptoms, which are often associated with inflammatory processes. The developed AL-FA functionalized formulation significantly reduced paw edema compared to SLS alone and SLS + SNEDDS. This study underscores the potential of combining AL-FA with SLS, demonstrating improved efficacy against inflammatory conditions through complementary anti-oxidant and behavior-modulating effects.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

错误：搜索内容不能为空，请输入英文关键词
错误：关键词超出字数限制，请精简
高级检索

Design and Development of Alkylated Ferulic Acid Functionalized Salsalate-loaded Self-nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS) for Enhanced Anti-oxidant, Anti-inflammatory Activity and Behavioral Effects

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月7日

查看全文
  • Khadija Rehman,
  • Tasmina Kanwal,
  • Huma Ikram,
  • Huzaifa Muhammad Hamid,
  • Muhammad Hasnain,
  • Wajeeha Muzafar,
  • Kinza Naseer,
  • Izhar Hasan,
  • Muhammad Raza Shah

摘要

Despite widespread applications of salsalate (SLS) as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), its therapeutic performance remains restricted by poor solubility, highlighting the need for improved delivery systems. Although nanoemulsions can enhance the performance of hydrophobic drugs, their application to SLS has not been sufficiently explored, representing a critical research gap. To address this, the current study focuses on integrating two complementary strategies within a single nanoformulation based on self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS). Alkylated ferulic acid (AL-FA), with a hydrophobic alkyl chain, serves as a functionalizing agent for SNEDDS, enhancing interfacial stability and contributing intrinsic anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. While SLS is effectively loaded within the core of nanoemulsion, overcoming its solubility limitations and improving its therapeutic performance. Therefore, combining AL-FA functionalization with SLS-loaded SNEDDS is anticipated to synergistically improve the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of the formulation. The formulations were evaluated for anti-oxidant activity, which is crucial for mitigating inflammation, and for behavioral effects, as systemic inflammation is known to induce both metabolic and behavioral changes. The AL-FA functionalized SLS-loaded SNEDDS demonstrated significant anti-oxidant activity, while behavioral analysis using dark box activity, elevated plus maze tests, open field tests, and forced swim tests indicated enhanced anxiolytic and antidepressant effects upon comparison with non-functionalized SLS-loaded SNEDDS. These behavioral improvements suggest a reduction in anxiety and depression-like symptoms, which are often associated with inflammatory processes. The developed AL-FA functionalized formulation significantly reduced paw edema compared to SLS alone and SLS + SNEDDS. This study underscores the potential of combining AL-FA with SLS, demonstrating improved efficacy against inflammatory conditions through complementary anti-oxidant and behavior-modulating effects.

Graphical Abstract