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<p>Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin disorder affecting millions worldwide. Topical treatment still lacks therapeutic efficacy, even with prolonged treatment periods. The current study focuses on developing dissolvable microneedles (DMN) loaded with berberine glycerosomes (BBR-GM) to enhance skin penetration and therapeutic efficacy. The thin-film hydration method was used to create BBR-GM, which was then optimized using Design-Expert software. The vesicle size of the optimized BBR-GM is 130.1 ± 2.19&#xa0;nm with PDI of 0.211 ± 0.03, and an entrapment efficiency of 85.5 ± 3.15%. The developed BBR-GM-loaded DMN maintained its structural integrity (folding endurance of 101.52 ± 4.5 and 5.17 ± 0.88&#xa0;N/mm for the tensile strength), confirming its durability. The in vitro release study revealed that the BBR-GM formulation sustained 77.53 ± 4.98% drug release over 24&#xa0;h, whereas the BBR suspension released 91.50 ± 3.98% within 6&#xa0;h. An ex vivo study revealed a 1.8-fold increase in the permeation compared to the drug suspension. A dermatokinetic study found that BBR-GM-DMN retained more BBR in the epidermis and dermis (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), due to improved penetration from MN and nanoscale vesicles, resulting in more effective drug delivery. Overall, this dual glycerosome-microneedle approach provides a viable, potentially applicable strategy for enhancing the topical treatment of psoriasis.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Microneedle-Assisted Delivery of Berberine-Loaded Glycerosomes: a Novel Strategy for Psoriasis Treatment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月15日

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  • Naila Hassan Alkefai

摘要

Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin disorder affecting millions worldwide. Topical treatment still lacks therapeutic efficacy, even with prolonged treatment periods. The current study focuses on developing dissolvable microneedles (DMN) loaded with berberine glycerosomes (BBR-GM) to enhance skin penetration and therapeutic efficacy. The thin-film hydration method was used to create BBR-GM, which was then optimized using Design-Expert software. The vesicle size of the optimized BBR-GM is 130.1 ± 2.19 nm with PDI of 0.211 ± 0.03, and an entrapment efficiency of 85.5 ± 3.15%. The developed BBR-GM-loaded DMN maintained its structural integrity (folding endurance of 101.52 ± 4.5 and 5.17 ± 0.88 N/mm for the tensile strength), confirming its durability. The in vitro release study revealed that the BBR-GM formulation sustained 77.53 ± 4.98% drug release over 24 h, whereas the BBR suspension released 91.50 ± 3.98% within 6 h. An ex vivo study revealed a 1.8-fold increase in the permeation compared to the drug suspension. A dermatokinetic study found that BBR-GM-DMN retained more BBR in the epidermis and dermis (p < 0.05), due to improved penetration from MN and nanoscale vesicles, resulting in more effective drug delivery. Overall, this dual glycerosome-microneedle approach provides a viable, potentially applicable strategy for enhancing the topical treatment of psoriasis.

Graphical Abstract