<p>Creating outstanding Type I heterostructures with improved catalytic characteristics is crucial for addressing the environmental pollution derived from pharmaceutical contamination. In this work, we introduced a robust Bi<sub>7</sub>O<sub>9</sub>I<sub>3</sub>/Bi<sub>4</sub>O<sub>5</sub>Br<sub>2</sub> heterojunction prepared by facile hydrothermal integrated with physical sonication to degrade the levofloxacin (LEV) antibiotic under photocatalytic and piezophotocatalytic reactions. The optimized Bi<sub>7</sub>O<sub>9</sub>I<sub>3</sub>/Bi<sub>4</sub>O<sub>5</sub>Br<sub>2</sub>-25% exhibited eminently promoted photoactivity with 91.5% of LEV degradation in 60&#xa0;min. The enhanced LEV decomposition can be ascribed to acceleration of charge separation by Type I heterojunction, expanding the light utilization, and formation of internal electric field. Moreover, the optimized Bi<sub>7</sub>O<sub>9</sub>I<sub>3</sub>/Bi<sub>4</sub>O<sub>5</sub>Br<sub>2</sub>-25% revealed super piezophotocatalytic activity under ultrasound vibration and LED irradiation with an LEV degradation rate of 0.12429&#xa0;min<sup>−1</sup>, exceeding both photocatalytic and piezocatalytic reactions by 3.17 and 5.79 times, respectively. This indicates the ability of Bi<sub>7</sub>O<sub>9</sub>I<sub>3</sub>/Bi<sub>4</sub>O<sub>5</sub>Br<sub>2</sub>-25% to work to deform under mechanical stress to establish an internal piezoelectric field, synergistically reinforcing the photocarrier transportation with the Type I mechanism. Furthermore, the developed Bi<sub>7</sub>O<sub>9</sub>I<sub>3</sub>/Bi<sub>4</sub>O<sub>5</sub>Br<sub>2</sub>-25% hybrid demonstrated excellent efforts in degrading a broad range of antibiotics, including tetracycline (TC), norfloxacin (NOR), and ciprofloxacin (CIP). Besides, the effect of various operational conditions, such as inorganic anions, solution pH, and trapping agents, was systematically examined to further explain the photocatalytic mechanism. Our study introduces an economic and energy-efficient strategy for the rapid photocatalytic degradation of LEV antibiotics, opening an encouraging path for solar-driven photocatalysis using a Type I heterojunction system.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Establishing Type I Charge Transfer Mechanism Derived by Bi7O9I3/Bi4O5Br2 Heterostructure for Boosted Photocatalytic Removal of Levofloxacin

  • Zaid H. Jabbar,
  • Bassim H. Graimed,
  • Huda S. Merdas,
  • Saad H. Ammar,
  • Raad Farhan Shahad,
  • Thulfiqar S. Hussein,
  • Ali Majdi

摘要

Creating outstanding Type I heterostructures with improved catalytic characteristics is crucial for addressing the environmental pollution derived from pharmaceutical contamination. In this work, we introduced a robust Bi7O9I3/Bi4O5Br2 heterojunction prepared by facile hydrothermal integrated with physical sonication to degrade the levofloxacin (LEV) antibiotic under photocatalytic and piezophotocatalytic reactions. The optimized Bi7O9I3/Bi4O5Br2-25% exhibited eminently promoted photoactivity with 91.5% of LEV degradation in 60 min. The enhanced LEV decomposition can be ascribed to acceleration of charge separation by Type I heterojunction, expanding the light utilization, and formation of internal electric field. Moreover, the optimized Bi7O9I3/Bi4O5Br2-25% revealed super piezophotocatalytic activity under ultrasound vibration and LED irradiation with an LEV degradation rate of 0.12429 min−1, exceeding both photocatalytic and piezocatalytic reactions by 3.17 and 5.79 times, respectively. This indicates the ability of Bi7O9I3/Bi4O5Br2-25% to work to deform under mechanical stress to establish an internal piezoelectric field, synergistically reinforcing the photocarrier transportation with the Type I mechanism. Furthermore, the developed Bi7O9I3/Bi4O5Br2-25% hybrid demonstrated excellent efforts in degrading a broad range of antibiotics, including tetracycline (TC), norfloxacin (NOR), and ciprofloxacin (CIP). Besides, the effect of various operational conditions, such as inorganic anions, solution pH, and trapping agents, was systematically examined to further explain the photocatalytic mechanism. Our study introduces an economic and energy-efficient strategy for the rapid photocatalytic degradation of LEV antibiotics, opening an encouraging path for solar-driven photocatalysis using a Type I heterojunction system.

Graphical Abstract