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<p>Cadmium chloride (CdCl<sub>2</sub>) treatment is widely recognized as a critical activation process for high-efficiency CdSeTe solar cells, yet the fundamental role of CdCl<sub>2</sub> spatial homogeneity in regulating absorber recrystallization, elemental interdiffusion, and photovoltaic performance remains poorly understood. Here, we systematically compare three representative CdCl<sub>2</sub> deposition strategies, including spray coating, roller coating, and vapor deposition, to elucidate the mechanism regulated by homogeneity in CdSeTe absorber layers. By precisely controlling the CdCl<sub>2</sub> areal density and maintaining annealing temperature control accuracy within ± 1 ℃, the isolated influence of spatial distribution uniformity is quantitatively assessed. Spatially non-uniform CdCl<sub>2</sub> deposition is found to induce spatially differentiated chlorination kinetics, contributing to severe grain size heterogeneity and non-uniform Se interdiffusion across the absorber layer. In contrast, vapor deposition reduced the standard deviation of characteristic Se diffusion depth by 27.6% compared with spray coating, facilitating the formation of a smooth graded bandgap structure. Furthermore, local thickness fluctuations in CdCl<sub>2</sub> films may result in spatially differentiated effective chlorine treatment degrees under identical annealing conditions, thereby influencing device reproducibility and photovoltaic performance. As a result, the optimally treated CdSeTe solar cell achieves a power conversion efficiency of 20.6%. This work provides evidence for the important role of CdCl<sub>2</sub> homogeneity in the activation of polycrystalline CdSeTe absorber layers and offers mechanistic insights that may contribute to improving the efficiency and manufacturing yield of CdTe-based photovoltaic technologies.</p>

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CdCl2 spatial homogeneity regulates recrystallization and selenium diffusion in CdSeTe solar cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月4日

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  • Xinlu Lin,
  • Anhong Hu,
  • Liquan Long,
  • Mengfei Zhang,
  • Xinyuan Qin,
  • Yuqiao Wang,
  • Jie Zhou

摘要

Cadmium chloride (CdCl2) treatment is widely recognized as a critical activation process for high-efficiency CdSeTe solar cells, yet the fundamental role of CdCl2 spatial homogeneity in regulating absorber recrystallization, elemental interdiffusion, and photovoltaic performance remains poorly understood. Here, we systematically compare three representative CdCl2 deposition strategies, including spray coating, roller coating, and vapor deposition, to elucidate the mechanism regulated by homogeneity in CdSeTe absorber layers. By precisely controlling the CdCl2 areal density and maintaining annealing temperature control accuracy within ± 1 ℃, the isolated influence of spatial distribution uniformity is quantitatively assessed. Spatially non-uniform CdCl2 deposition is found to induce spatially differentiated chlorination kinetics, contributing to severe grain size heterogeneity and non-uniform Se interdiffusion across the absorber layer. In contrast, vapor deposition reduced the standard deviation of characteristic Se diffusion depth by 27.6% compared with spray coating, facilitating the formation of a smooth graded bandgap structure. Furthermore, local thickness fluctuations in CdCl2 films may result in spatially differentiated effective chlorine treatment degrees under identical annealing conditions, thereby influencing device reproducibility and photovoltaic performance. As a result, the optimally treated CdSeTe solar cell achieves a power conversion efficiency of 20.6%. This work provides evidence for the important role of CdCl2 homogeneity in the activation of polycrystalline CdSeTe absorber layers and offers mechanistic insights that may contribute to improving the efficiency and manufacturing yield of CdTe-based photovoltaic technologies.