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<p>Flexible wearable microstrip patch antennas require high electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and long-term durability. In this work, a woven fabric sample is functionalized with ethylenediamine (EDA) via tosylation of surface hydroxyl groups, resulting in amination of the cellulose backbone, while a second sample is further treated with graphene oxide (GO), which is subsequently converted to form reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and these surface modifications enhance the adhesion of the subsequently deposited copper nanoparticles. The EDA- and EDA–rGO-treated fabrics are then electroless plated with copper nanoparticles using copper sulfate, potassium sodium tartrate, and formaldehyde as the copper source, complexing agent, and reducing agent, respectively. Structural analysis suggests the presence of hydrogen bonding, possible ionic interactions, and amine-related C–N stretching vibrations associated with surface functionalization. The results further indicate successful coating and embedment of copper nanoparticles between the graphene nanosheets, leading to uniform and enhanced surface coverage. The Cu–EDA- and Cu–EDA–rGO-coated fabrics exhibit sheet resistances and flexural rigidity values of 1.2&#xa0;Ω/□ and 0.49&#xa0;gf·cm, and 1.5&#xa0;Ω/□ and 0.41&#xa0;gf·cm, respectively. After 20 washing cycles, their sheet resistance remains below 16&#xa0;Ω/□, demonstrating reasonable washing durability. The Cu–EDA–rGO-coated fabric shows better flexibility than the Cu–EDA-coated fabric with minimal increase in resistivity. The simulated, Cu–EDA-, and Cu–EDA–rGO-based inset-fed microstrip patch antennas exhibit S11 values of − 27, − 37, and − 26&#xa0;dB, and bandwidths of 70, 240, and 170&#xa0;MHz, respectively.</p>

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Cu electroless plating of EDA and rGO treated cotton fabric for flexible wearable microstrip patch antenna

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月26日

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  • Ayano Koyrita Banale,
  • Akshay Kumar Sonwane,
  • Akhila Gouda,
  • Ramaswamy Krishnaraj,
  • Ajay K. Kushwaha,
  • Kinde Anlay Fante

摘要

Flexible wearable microstrip patch antennas require high electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and long-term durability. In this work, a woven fabric sample is functionalized with ethylenediamine (EDA) via tosylation of surface hydroxyl groups, resulting in amination of the cellulose backbone, while a second sample is further treated with graphene oxide (GO), which is subsequently converted to form reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and these surface modifications enhance the adhesion of the subsequently deposited copper nanoparticles. The EDA- and EDA–rGO-treated fabrics are then electroless plated with copper nanoparticles using copper sulfate, potassium sodium tartrate, and formaldehyde as the copper source, complexing agent, and reducing agent, respectively. Structural analysis suggests the presence of hydrogen bonding, possible ionic interactions, and amine-related C–N stretching vibrations associated with surface functionalization. The results further indicate successful coating and embedment of copper nanoparticles between the graphene nanosheets, leading to uniform and enhanced surface coverage. The Cu–EDA- and Cu–EDA–rGO-coated fabrics exhibit sheet resistances and flexural rigidity values of 1.2 Ω/□ and 0.49 gf·cm, and 1.5 Ω/□ and 0.41 gf·cm, respectively. After 20 washing cycles, their sheet resistance remains below 16 Ω/□, demonstrating reasonable washing durability. The Cu–EDA–rGO-coated fabric shows better flexibility than the Cu–EDA-coated fabric with minimal increase in resistivity. The simulated, Cu–EDA-, and Cu–EDA–rGO-based inset-fed microstrip patch antennas exhibit S11 values of − 27, − 37, and − 26 dB, and bandwidths of 70, 240, and 170 MHz, respectively.