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<p>Lead-free system (1 − <i>x</i>)K<sub>0.5</sub>Bi<sub>0.5</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub>–<i>x</i>Bi(Mg<sub>0.5</sub>Ti<sub>0.5</sub>)O<sub>3</sub> (<i>x</i> = 0–0.06), abbreviated as KBT-BMT, was prepared using a solid solution technique. The compositions shown exhibited&#xa0;a tetragonal symmetry for all ratios and modified to cubic phase at transition temperatures. The impedance and dielectric properties were investigated over frequencies (10&#xa0;kHz–10&#xa0;MHz) across room temperature to 600&#xa0;°C. The analysis revealed that increasing BMT content delayed dielectric relaxation onset to ≥ 400&#xa0;°C for <i>x</i> = 0.04, 0.06. Frequency-dependent imaginary impedance (Z′′) peaks decreased in magnitude and shifted toward higher frequencies with rising temperature across all compositions, confirming non-Debye relaxation behavior and negative temperature coefficient of resistance (NTCR) characteristics. The complex impedance spectra of the materials exhibited a single semicircular arc credited to the bulk response. The imaginary dielectric constant (ε′′) demonstrated dominant interfacial polarization at low frequencies, with values declining sharply at higher frequencies due to charge carrier immobilization. For <i>x</i> = 0.04, electric&#xa0;modulus (M′′) spectra showed primary relaxation peaks shifting to higher frequencies upon heating and a secondary peak emerging above 400&#xa0;°C. Notably, higher BMT content suppressed low-frequency dispersion and reduced merged Z′′ peak magnitudes above 100&#xa0;Hz, indicating diminished oxygen vacancy mobility and space-charge release. The piezoelectric constant (d<sub>33</sub>) was enhanced with BMT ratios up to 0.04 and then dropped. These findings propose that the system might be a favorable ecological system for energy storage capacitors and actuators uses.</p>

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Impedance spectroscopy and dielectric study of K0.5Bi0.5TiO3–Bi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3 ceramics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月20日

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  • Hafiza Bushra Gul,
  • Aurang Zeb,
  • Amir Ullah,
  • Muhammad Habib,
  • Hidayat Ullah Khan

摘要

Lead-free system (1 − x)K0.5Bi0.5TiO3–xBi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3 (x = 0–0.06), abbreviated as KBT-BMT, was prepared using a solid solution technique. The compositions shown exhibited a tetragonal symmetry for all ratios and modified to cubic phase at transition temperatures. The impedance and dielectric properties were investigated over frequencies (10 kHz–10 MHz) across room temperature to 600 °C. The analysis revealed that increasing BMT content delayed dielectric relaxation onset to ≥ 400 °C for x = 0.04, 0.06. Frequency-dependent imaginary impedance (Z′′) peaks decreased in magnitude and shifted toward higher frequencies with rising temperature across all compositions, confirming non-Debye relaxation behavior and negative temperature coefficient of resistance (NTCR) characteristics. The complex impedance spectra of the materials exhibited a single semicircular arc credited to the bulk response. The imaginary dielectric constant (ε′′) demonstrated dominant interfacial polarization at low frequencies, with values declining sharply at higher frequencies due to charge carrier immobilization. For x = 0.04, electric modulus (M′′) spectra showed primary relaxation peaks shifting to higher frequencies upon heating and a secondary peak emerging above 400 °C. Notably, higher BMT content suppressed low-frequency dispersion and reduced merged Z′′ peak magnitudes above 100 Hz, indicating diminished oxygen vacancy mobility and space-charge release. The piezoelectric constant (d33) was enhanced with BMT ratios up to 0.04 and then dropped. These findings propose that the system might be a favorable ecological system for energy storage capacitors and actuators uses.