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<p>Flexible piezoelectric sensors (FPS), enabling direct mechano-electrical conversion, have emerged as promising candidates for self-powered sensing in wearable electronics and ambient energy harvesting. However, their practical applications remain constrained by poor mechanical durability, limited flexibility, and intrinsic material toxicity. Here, we report a low-cost sacrificial templating strategy to construct a three-dimensional (3D) Mn-doped BiFeO<sub>3</sub> (BFOMn) ceramic skeleton embedded in a soft polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix, yielding an ultra-flexible piezoelectric composite. The assembled FPS exhibits excellent electromechanical conversion, achieving a piezoelectric coefficient of 16.2 ± 0.9 pC/N and a high open-circuit voltage of 14.2 ± 1.0 V. Notably, the device maintains outstanding mechanical durability and stability, with &lt; 3% voltage degradation even after 13,000 loading cycles and prolonged storage. Furthermore, demonstrations of human motion monitoring, light-emitting diode (LED) powering, and capacitor charging highlight its potential for practical applications. This work establishes a robust and generalizable strategy for lead-free FPS with improved performance, with potential applicability to diverse material systems and next-generation self-powered wearable electronics.</p>

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Multiscale interconnected lead-free piezoceramic skeleton-based flexible piezoelectric sensors for wearable electronics and energy harvesting

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月3日

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  • Zhichao Xu,
  • Chenglong Li,
  • Shuai Wang,
  • Qilin Lv,
  • Shuyan Zou,
  • Jing Xu,
  • Tianming Dong,
  • Jianhao Wang,
  • Xinyu Li,
  • Daojian Su,
  • Changhong Yang

摘要

Flexible piezoelectric sensors (FPS), enabling direct mechano-electrical conversion, have emerged as promising candidates for self-powered sensing in wearable electronics and ambient energy harvesting. However, their practical applications remain constrained by poor mechanical durability, limited flexibility, and intrinsic material toxicity. Here, we report a low-cost sacrificial templating strategy to construct a three-dimensional (3D) Mn-doped BiFeO3 (BFOMn) ceramic skeleton embedded in a soft polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix, yielding an ultra-flexible piezoelectric composite. The assembled FPS exhibits excellent electromechanical conversion, achieving a piezoelectric coefficient of 16.2 ± 0.9 pC/N and a high open-circuit voltage of 14.2 ± 1.0 V. Notably, the device maintains outstanding mechanical durability and stability, with < 3% voltage degradation even after 13,000 loading cycles and prolonged storage. Furthermore, demonstrations of human motion monitoring, light-emitting diode (LED) powering, and capacitor charging highlight its potential for practical applications. This work establishes a robust and generalizable strategy for lead-free FPS with improved performance, with potential applicability to diverse material systems and next-generation self-powered wearable electronics.