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<p>A sustainable biomass-derived activated carbon (ACT) was synthesized from tea waste and integrated with g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> and NiO to develop high-performance electrode materials for supercapacitors. Structural and surface analyses (XRD, FTIR, BET, FESEM, and EDX) confirmed the formation of porous activated carbon, crystalline NiO nanoparticles, and layered g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> with strong interfacial interaction in the ternary composite. The ACT/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/NiO hybrid exhibited a porous and interconnected structure that promoted rapid ion diffusion and electron transport. Electrochemical studies revealed superior performance of the composite compared to individual and binary systems, with a high specific capacitance of 594.43 F&#xa0;g⁻<sup>1</sup> at 0.5 A&#xa0;g⁻<sup>1</sup> and excellent rate capability. In a two-electrode asymmetric device, the composite achieved an energy density of 17.69 Wh&#xa0;kg⁻<sup>1</sup> at a power density of 428.64 W kg⁻<sup>1</sup>, maintaining 11.74 Wh&#xa0;kg⁻<sup>1</sup> even at 4748.76 W&#xa0;kg⁻<sup>1</sup>. Furthermore, it demonstrated outstanding stability, retaining 98.99% capacitance after 10,000 cycles. These results establish ACT/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/NiO as a promising, eco-friendly electrode for next-generation supercapacitors.</p>

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Sustainable conversion of g-C3N4/NiO–activated carbon hybrid electrodes from tea waste for high-performance supercapacitors

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月9日

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  • T. Gayathri,
  • B. Kavitha,
  • M. Nirmala,
  • Manikandan Ayyar,
  • V. Mohanavel,
  • D. Shanmugapriya,
  • Lalitha Gnanasekaran,
  • S. Santhoshkumar

摘要

A sustainable biomass-derived activated carbon (ACT) was synthesized from tea waste and integrated with g-C3N4 and NiO to develop high-performance electrode materials for supercapacitors. Structural and surface analyses (XRD, FTIR, BET, FESEM, and EDX) confirmed the formation of porous activated carbon, crystalline NiO nanoparticles, and layered g-C3N4 with strong interfacial interaction in the ternary composite. The ACT/g-C3N4/NiO hybrid exhibited a porous and interconnected structure that promoted rapid ion diffusion and electron transport. Electrochemical studies revealed superior performance of the composite compared to individual and binary systems, with a high specific capacitance of 594.43 F g⁻1 at 0.5 A g⁻1 and excellent rate capability. In a two-electrode asymmetric device, the composite achieved an energy density of 17.69 Wh kg⁻1 at a power density of 428.64 W kg⁻1, maintaining 11.74 Wh kg⁻1 even at 4748.76 W kg⁻1. Furthermore, it demonstrated outstanding stability, retaining 98.99% capacitance after 10,000 cycles. These results establish ACT/g-C3N4/NiO as a promising, eco-friendly electrode for next-generation supercapacitors.