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<p>Sustainable natural fibre composites with field-responsive behaviour offer potential for adaptive applications by combining renewable materials with tuneable magnetic functionality. This study reports the fabrication of magnetically responsive oil palm fibre composites using empty fruit bunch (EFB) and oil palm trunk (OPT) fibres coated with carbonyl iron powder (CIP)–polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) suspensions following alkali treatment. The effects of fibre type, alkali treatment duration, pre-coating fibre condition, and CIP loading on morphology and magnetic behaviour were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy and vibrating sample magnetometry showed that 5% NaOH treatment for 24&#xa0;h removed non-cellulosic surface components and exposed rough fibrillar structures, promoting CIP deposition through enhanced mechanical interlocking and interfacial adhesion. EFB fibres exhibited greater particle coverage and higher saturation magnetisation (Ms) than OPT fibres, likely attributed to increased surface roughness. Prolonged alkaline treatment (48&#xa0;h) reduced particle coverage and Ms, possibly due to excessive surface degradation that diminished effective anchoring sites. Coating fibres in the wet state improved particle coverage and Ms, likely associated with enhanced wettability and fibre–matrix interaction. Increasing CIP concentration in the suspension from 50 to 70 wt.% did not consistently improve Ms, suggesting that coating uniformity is more critical than particle loading. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analyses indicated surface modifications, CIP–PVA incorporation, and enhanced thermal stability. Among the tested conditions, 24&#xa0;h alkali-treated EFB fibres coated in the wet state with 50 wt.% CIP exhibited the best magnetic performance with Ms of 55.32&#xa0;emu/g.</p>

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Surface morphology and magnetic properties of alkali-treated oil palm fibre composites for adaptive applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • Yi-San Wong,
  • Rahizar Ramli,
  • Abdullah Ahmad Saifizul,
  • Asan G. A. Muthalif,
  • Ab Rahman Marlinda

摘要

Sustainable natural fibre composites with field-responsive behaviour offer potential for adaptive applications by combining renewable materials with tuneable magnetic functionality. This study reports the fabrication of magnetically responsive oil palm fibre composites using empty fruit bunch (EFB) and oil palm trunk (OPT) fibres coated with carbonyl iron powder (CIP)–polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) suspensions following alkali treatment. The effects of fibre type, alkali treatment duration, pre-coating fibre condition, and CIP loading on morphology and magnetic behaviour were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy and vibrating sample magnetometry showed that 5% NaOH treatment for 24 h removed non-cellulosic surface components and exposed rough fibrillar structures, promoting CIP deposition through enhanced mechanical interlocking and interfacial adhesion. EFB fibres exhibited greater particle coverage and higher saturation magnetisation (Ms) than OPT fibres, likely attributed to increased surface roughness. Prolonged alkaline treatment (48 h) reduced particle coverage and Ms, possibly due to excessive surface degradation that diminished effective anchoring sites. Coating fibres in the wet state improved particle coverage and Ms, likely associated with enhanced wettability and fibre–matrix interaction. Increasing CIP concentration in the suspension from 50 to 70 wt.% did not consistently improve Ms, suggesting that coating uniformity is more critical than particle loading. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analyses indicated surface modifications, CIP–PVA incorporation, and enhanced thermal stability. Among the tested conditions, 24 h alkali-treated EFB fibres coated in the wet state with 50 wt.% CIP exhibited the best magnetic performance with Ms of 55.32 emu/g.