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<p>SrTiO<sub>3</sub> varistors are promising alternatives to ZnO for low-voltage applications when their grain-boundary barrier response is properly controlled. Here, ZnBi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (ZB) addition and post-sintering reoxidation were employed to modify the electrical behavior of La-doped SrTiO<sub>3</sub> ceramics. The optimized composition exhibited a low breakdown voltage, high nonlinearity coefficient, and reduced leakage current. Linearized <i>C–V</i> analysis indicated an increase in the effective grain-boundary barrier height after ZB addition and reoxidation, while impedance and AC conductivity results showed reduced grain-boundary carrier transport. Fracture-surface XPS revealed a reduced Ti<sup>3+</sup> fraction and a modest increase in adsorbate-related oxygen species after reoxidation. Although direct grain-boundary-resolved chemical evidence was not obtained, the combined results consistently indicate that ZB addition and reoxidation strengthen the functional grain-boundary barrier network. This study demonstrates a practical grain-boundary engineering strategy for low-voltage SrTiO<sub>3</sub>-based varistors.</p>

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Low-breakdown, high-α SrTiO3 varistors via grain-boundary engineering with ZnBi2O4

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月28日

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  • Hsing-I. Hsiang,
  • Che-Cheng Lin

摘要

SrTiO3 varistors are promising alternatives to ZnO for low-voltage applications when their grain-boundary barrier response is properly controlled. Here, ZnBi2O4 (ZB) addition and post-sintering reoxidation were employed to modify the electrical behavior of La-doped SrTiO3 ceramics. The optimized composition exhibited a low breakdown voltage, high nonlinearity coefficient, and reduced leakage current. Linearized C–V analysis indicated an increase in the effective grain-boundary barrier height after ZB addition and reoxidation, while impedance and AC conductivity results showed reduced grain-boundary carrier transport. Fracture-surface XPS revealed a reduced Ti3+ fraction and a modest increase in adsorbate-related oxygen species after reoxidation. Although direct grain-boundary-resolved chemical evidence was not obtained, the combined results consistently indicate that ZB addition and reoxidation strengthen the functional grain-boundary barrier network. This study demonstrates a practical grain-boundary engineering strategy for low-voltage SrTiO3-based varistors.