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<p>Silver (Ag) and its advanced materials—from nanoparticles (AgNPs) and nanowires (AgNWs) to alloys and composites—underpin technological progress across pivotal fields, including high-performance electronics, renewable energy, and advanced biomedicine. This review is structured to trace this material evolution, critically analyzing how structural dimensionality and compositional complexity unlock new functionalities. For AgNPs, we highlight surface charge engineering as the key to balancing their potent antibacterial activity with biocompatibility concerns. For one-dimensional AgNWs, we focus on their role as indispensable components in flexible transparent electrodes, while frankly addressing the inherent performance trade-offs. For silver-based alloys and composites, we elucidate the synergistic mechanisms, such as heterojunctions and alloy effects, that enhance performance in catalysis and flexible electronics. A central conclusion is that the performance of Ag materials is governed by a "synthesis-structure–property" relationship. However, a critical barrier persists: the lifecycle of these materials is fragmented, with a disconnect between synthesis for specific applications and their ultimate environmental impact and recyclability. To overcome this, we propose a unifying "synthesis-application-recycling" framework. This framework integrates key strategies including morphology-controlled synthesis of Ag powders, stability-enhanced design of Ag alloys, and efficiency-oriented recycling. The review concludes that the integration of adaptive synthesis and intelligent recycling systems is the key to achieving a sustainable and circular economy for silver.</p>

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Design, synthesis, and applications of silver and silver-based materials: from industrial to biomedical uses

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月11日

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  • Shengnan Lin,
  • Xiaocai He,
  • Huixian Shi,
  • Yi’na Li,
  • De Fang

摘要

Silver (Ag) and its advanced materials—from nanoparticles (AgNPs) and nanowires (AgNWs) to alloys and composites—underpin technological progress across pivotal fields, including high-performance electronics, renewable energy, and advanced biomedicine. This review is structured to trace this material evolution, critically analyzing how structural dimensionality and compositional complexity unlock new functionalities. For AgNPs, we highlight surface charge engineering as the key to balancing their potent antibacterial activity with biocompatibility concerns. For one-dimensional AgNWs, we focus on their role as indispensable components in flexible transparent electrodes, while frankly addressing the inherent performance trade-offs. For silver-based alloys and composites, we elucidate the synergistic mechanisms, such as heterojunctions and alloy effects, that enhance performance in catalysis and flexible electronics. A central conclusion is that the performance of Ag materials is governed by a "synthesis-structure–property" relationship. However, a critical barrier persists: the lifecycle of these materials is fragmented, with a disconnect between synthesis for specific applications and their ultimate environmental impact and recyclability. To overcome this, we propose a unifying "synthesis-application-recycling" framework. This framework integrates key strategies including morphology-controlled synthesis of Ag powders, stability-enhanced design of Ag alloys, and efficiency-oriented recycling. The review concludes that the integration of adaptive synthesis and intelligent recycling systems is the key to achieving a sustainable and circular economy for silver.