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<p>Silver chloride (AgCl) thin films were deposited on glass substrates by spray pyrolysis at different substrate temperatures (Ts) of 230, 260, and 290&#xa0;°C. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the formation of a polycrystalline cubic AgCl phase with a strong (200) preferred orientation. Increasing Ts improved the crystallinity, leading to larger crystallite size and reduced micro-strain. EDX confirmed Ag and Cl as the main elements, while XPS indicated Ag–Cl chemical bonding consistent with AgCl formation. Optical measurements showed a strong dependence on Ts, with the film deposited at 290&#xa0;°C exhibiting ~90% visible transmittance. The optical band gap slightly increased from 3.74 to 3.79&#xa0;eV with increasing Ts, accompanied by a decrease in Urbach energy, indicating reduced structural disorder. Electrical investigations based on I–V measurements revealed thermally activated charge transport. The electrical resistivity decreased while the conductivity increased with increasing temperature, confirming improved charge carrier transport in films deposited at higher Ts. Furthermore, Arrhenius analysis of the conductivity yielded activation energies of 0.96, 0.73, and 0.31&#xa0;eV for the S230, S260, and S290 samples, respectively, demonstrating a systematic reduction with increasing substrate temperature. Taken together, substrate temperature is a key factor controlling the microstructure, optical quality, and electrical transport properties of AgCl thin films, making them promising candidates for transparent optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications.</p>

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Highly transparent AgCl thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis: effect of substrate temperature on crystallinity, optical quality, and charge transport

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月5日

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  • Karim Salim,
  • Mohamed El Fatah Nehal,
  • Ahmed Hichem Yahi,
  • Walid Azzaoui,
  • Abdelkader Nakrela,
  • Mourad Medles

摘要

Silver chloride (AgCl) thin films were deposited on glass substrates by spray pyrolysis at different substrate temperatures (Ts) of 230, 260, and 290 °C. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the formation of a polycrystalline cubic AgCl phase with a strong (200) preferred orientation. Increasing Ts improved the crystallinity, leading to larger crystallite size and reduced micro-strain. EDX confirmed Ag and Cl as the main elements, while XPS indicated Ag–Cl chemical bonding consistent with AgCl formation. Optical measurements showed a strong dependence on Ts, with the film deposited at 290 °C exhibiting ~90% visible transmittance. The optical band gap slightly increased from 3.74 to 3.79 eV with increasing Ts, accompanied by a decrease in Urbach energy, indicating reduced structural disorder. Electrical investigations based on I–V measurements revealed thermally activated charge transport. The electrical resistivity decreased while the conductivity increased with increasing temperature, confirming improved charge carrier transport in films deposited at higher Ts. Furthermore, Arrhenius analysis of the conductivity yielded activation energies of 0.96, 0.73, and 0.31 eV for the S230, S260, and S290 samples, respectively, demonstrating a systematic reduction with increasing substrate temperature. Taken together, substrate temperature is a key factor controlling the microstructure, optical quality, and electrical transport properties of AgCl thin films, making them promising candidates for transparent optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications.