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<p>The development of high-performance cost-effective electrode materials remains a critical challenge in the advancement of supercapacitor technology. In this study, pure and yttrium-doped titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) nanoparticles were synthesized via a simple solution-based chemical method and investigated for their structural, optical, and electrochemical properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of phase-pure anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> with tetragonal symmetry (JCPDS No. 21–1272), and successful Y<sup>3+</sup> incorporation was indicated by peak shifts and crystallite growth. UV–Visible spectroscopy revealed a systematic increase in bandgap energy from 2.20 to 2.51&#xa0;eV with increasing Y doping, attributed to the Burstein–Moss effect and dopant-induced defect states. Electrochemical performance, evaluated using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Galvanostatic Charge–Discharge (GCD) in 2&#xa0;M KOH electrolyte, demonstrated significantly enhanced pseudocapacitance in doped samples. The 0.05&#xa0;M Y-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> electrode achieved a maximum specific capacitance of 573.71 F g⁻<sup>1</sup> at 2&#xa0;mV&#xa0;s⁻<sup>1</sup>, compared to 217.81 F g⁻<sup>1</sup> for the undoped counterpart. The enhanced performance is attributed to improved electrical conductivity, increased redox-active surface sites, and oxygen vacancy formation induced by Y doping. These findings highlight the potential of Y-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> as a promising electrode material for next-generation supercapacitors, offering a balance of scalability, stability, and energy storage efficiency.</p>

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Rare earth (Yttrium)-doped TiO2 nanoparticles as high-performance electrodes for supercapacitor applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月2日

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  • R. Manigandan,
  • S. Aravindhan,
  • K. Guruswamy,
  • B. J. Madhu,
  • Sukhendu Sadhukhan,
  • S. Srinivasan

摘要

The development of high-performance cost-effective electrode materials remains a critical challenge in the advancement of supercapacitor technology. In this study, pure and yttrium-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were synthesized via a simple solution-based chemical method and investigated for their structural, optical, and electrochemical properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of phase-pure anatase TiO2 with tetragonal symmetry (JCPDS No. 21–1272), and successful Y3+ incorporation was indicated by peak shifts and crystallite growth. UV–Visible spectroscopy revealed a systematic increase in bandgap energy from 2.20 to 2.51 eV with increasing Y doping, attributed to the Burstein–Moss effect and dopant-induced defect states. Electrochemical performance, evaluated using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Galvanostatic Charge–Discharge (GCD) in 2 M KOH electrolyte, demonstrated significantly enhanced pseudocapacitance in doped samples. The 0.05 M Y-doped TiO2 electrode achieved a maximum specific capacitance of 573.71 F g⁻1 at 2 mV s⁻1, compared to 217.81 F g⁻1 for the undoped counterpart. The enhanced performance is attributed to improved electrical conductivity, increased redox-active surface sites, and oxygen vacancy formation induced by Y doping. These findings highlight the potential of Y-doped TiO2 as a promising electrode material for next-generation supercapacitors, offering a balance of scalability, stability, and energy storage efficiency.