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<p>This study presents a facile and sustainable green synthesis approach for producing carbon-coated CdO₂ nanocomposites using leaf extracts from <i>Curcuma aromatica</i> and <i>Averrhoa bilimbi</i> as natural reducing, stabilizing, and surface-functionalizing agents. The resulting nanocomposites were comprehensively characterized using a range of analytical techniques, including Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), UV–visible spectroscopy, direct current (DC) conductivity measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), fluorescence spectroscopy, and electrochemical evaluation<b>.</b> BET analysis revealed a mesoporous structure with a surface area of 67.58 m<sup>2</sup>/g, while XRD confirmed a crystalline cubic phase with nanoscale dimensions. The optical band gap of 2.42&#xa0;eV, validating the semiconducting nature and efficient charge transport characteristics of the CA–CdO₂ nanocomposite. XPS and FTIR spectra evidanced the formation of Cd–O bonds and the presence of a carbon-rich layer thant enhances electrical conductivity. Electrochemical studies demonstrated excellent supercapacitive behavior, achieving a specific capacitance of 320 F g⁻<sup>1</sup> at 1 A g⁻<sup>1</sup> in a three-electrode system and 12 F g⁻<sup>1</sup> in an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device, along with an outstanding coulombic efficiency and cycling stability of 80.05% after 10,000 cycles. Furthermore, the material exhibited enhanced electrocatalytic activity toward oxygen reduction, as evidenced by a low onset potential in linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) measurements. The incorporation of phytochemicals such as flavonoids and curcumin, acting as in-situ carbon sources, contributed to the multifunctional properties of the material, expanding its potential applications in sustainable energy storage, high-performance supercapacitors, and environmental remediation technologies.</p>

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Controlled growth of crystalline CdO2-carbon nanocomposites for high-efficiency supercapacitor applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月6日

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  • Sajeena Beevi Sharafudheen,
  • Nouf Alharbi,
  • Malak Rafaei,
  • M. R. Bindhu,
  • V. Sarojini,
  • Sasi Florence

摘要

This study presents a facile and sustainable green synthesis approach for producing carbon-coated CdO₂ nanocomposites using leaf extracts from Curcuma aromatica and Averrhoa bilimbi as natural reducing, stabilizing, and surface-functionalizing agents. The resulting nanocomposites were comprehensively characterized using a range of analytical techniques, including Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), UV–visible spectroscopy, direct current (DC) conductivity measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), fluorescence spectroscopy, and electrochemical evaluation. BET analysis revealed a mesoporous structure with a surface area of 67.58 m2/g, while XRD confirmed a crystalline cubic phase with nanoscale dimensions. The optical band gap of 2.42 eV, validating the semiconducting nature and efficient charge transport characteristics of the CA–CdO₂ nanocomposite. XPS and FTIR spectra evidanced the formation of Cd–O bonds and the presence of a carbon-rich layer thant enhances electrical conductivity. Electrochemical studies demonstrated excellent supercapacitive behavior, achieving a specific capacitance of 320 F g⁻1 at 1 A g⁻1 in a three-electrode system and 12 F g⁻1 in an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device, along with an outstanding coulombic efficiency and cycling stability of 80.05% after 10,000 cycles. Furthermore, the material exhibited enhanced electrocatalytic activity toward oxygen reduction, as evidenced by a low onset potential in linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) measurements. The incorporation of phytochemicals such as flavonoids and curcumin, acting as in-situ carbon sources, contributed to the multifunctional properties of the material, expanding its potential applications in sustainable energy storage, high-performance supercapacitors, and environmental remediation technologies.