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<p>Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) were developed using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na–CMC) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), incorporating sodium alginate (NaAlg) as a Na⁺-bearing biopolymer polyelectrolyte additive. The content of NaAlg was varied from 0 to 40 wt% in relation to the total polymer solids to optimize ionic conductivity and mechanical strength for applications in low-power primary sodium batteries. This hybrid polymer system takes advantage of the synergistic effects of hydrogen bonding and Na⁺ coordination between the carboxylate (–COO⁻) and hydroxyl (–OH) functional groups, resulting in a mechanically strong and predominantly amorphous structure. FTIR analysis confirmed the possible interactions amongst Na–CMC/PVA and NaAlg, whilst XRD and XRD deconvolution revealed variations in the intensity and 10 wt% of NaAlg have minimum crystallinity index. The DSC and TGA studies provide information on the thermal stability of the prepared polymer films. The surface texture was examined using SEM, which provides invaluable insights into the morphology of the polymer matrix. From conductivity studies, the optimized composition exhibited a room temperature ionic conductivity of 2.75 × 10<sup>–7</sup> S cm<sup>−1</sup> under ambient conditions. The temperature-dependent conductivity follows Arrhenius behaviour, indicating thermally activated ion transport within SPE. Dielectric and modulus analyses indicated enhanced interfacial polarization and dipolar relaxation within the composite system. Wagner polarization measurements confirmed dominant ionic conduction with total ion transfer numbers of 0.896. The optimized electrolyte delivered a stable open-circuit voltage of 1.45&#xa0;V for 26&#xa0;h under low current load, demonstrating suitability for low-power primary battery systems. Various parameters, such as current density (μA cm<sup>−2</sup>), power density (mW kg<sup>−1</sup>), energy density (Wh kg<sup>−1</sup>), and discharge capacity&#xa0;(μA h<sup>−1</sup>), were determined, and the values were found to be 20.33, 23.87, 0.85, and 638.88, respectively. The polymer electrolyte with 10 wt% NaAlg was found to have a mechanical tensile strength of 27&#xa0;MPa.</p>

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Synergistic effect of sodium alginate on ionic transport in PVA/Na–CMC biopolymer electrolytes for primary sodium batteries

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月4日

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  • Neha K. H.,
  • R. F. Bhajantri,
  • Chetan Chavan,
  • Manjushree Nagaraj Gunaki,
  • Manjunath B. Megalamani,
  • Veda Gudihal

摘要

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) were developed using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na–CMC) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), incorporating sodium alginate (NaAlg) as a Na⁺-bearing biopolymer polyelectrolyte additive. The content of NaAlg was varied from 0 to 40 wt% in relation to the total polymer solids to optimize ionic conductivity and mechanical strength for applications in low-power primary sodium batteries. This hybrid polymer system takes advantage of the synergistic effects of hydrogen bonding and Na⁺ coordination between the carboxylate (–COO⁻) and hydroxyl (–OH) functional groups, resulting in a mechanically strong and predominantly amorphous structure. FTIR analysis confirmed the possible interactions amongst Na–CMC/PVA and NaAlg, whilst XRD and XRD deconvolution revealed variations in the intensity and 10 wt% of NaAlg have minimum crystallinity index. The DSC and TGA studies provide information on the thermal stability of the prepared polymer films. The surface texture was examined using SEM, which provides invaluable insights into the morphology of the polymer matrix. From conductivity studies, the optimized composition exhibited a room temperature ionic conductivity of 2.75 × 10–7 S cm−1 under ambient conditions. The temperature-dependent conductivity follows Arrhenius behaviour, indicating thermally activated ion transport within SPE. Dielectric and modulus analyses indicated enhanced interfacial polarization and dipolar relaxation within the composite system. Wagner polarization measurements confirmed dominant ionic conduction with total ion transfer numbers of 0.896. The optimized electrolyte delivered a stable open-circuit voltage of 1.45 V for 26 h under low current load, demonstrating suitability for low-power primary battery systems. Various parameters, such as current density (μA cm−2), power density (mW kg−1), energy density (Wh kg−1), and discharge capacity (μA h−1), were determined, and the values were found to be 20.33, 23.87, 0.85, and 638.88, respectively. The polymer electrolyte with 10 wt% NaAlg was found to have a mechanical tensile strength of 27 MPa.