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<p>This study investigates the effects of TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles on the microstructure, tensile behavior, and corrosion resistance of Sn–3.0Ag–0.5Cu–<i>x</i>TiO<sub>2</sub> composite solder alloys through experiments combined with first-principles calculations. SAC305-based composite solders containing 0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 wt.% TiO<sub>2</sub> were fabricated by melting. Their microstructural evolution, mechanical response, and corrosion-induced property degradation were systematically evaluated before and after 28&#xa0;days of full-immersion corrosion in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The results show that the microhardness and tensile strength increase with increasing TiO<sub>2</sub> content, whereas the dispersion of hardness data first decreases and then increases. The corrosion resistance exhibits a similar non-monotonic trend, with the best overall performance achieved at low-to-moderate TiO<sub>2</sub> additions. This behavior indicates that properly dispersed TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles can improve microstructural uniformity and hinder corrosion propagation, while excessive TiO<sub>2</sub> addition causes particle agglomeration, resulting in property instability and reduced corrosion resistance. First-principles calculations further show that rutile-TiO<sub>2</sub> possesses a much higher elastic modulus and stronger elastic anisotropy than η-Cu<sub>6</sub>Sn<sub>5</sub>, providing theoretical support for the strengthening effect of TiO<sub>2</sub> as a reinforcing second phase. The present work highlights the existence of an optimal TiO<sub>2</sub> addition window for balancing mechanical enhancement and corrosion resistance in SAC305-based composite solders.</p>

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Effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on the microstructure, mechanical, and corrosion properties of Sn–3.0Ag–0.5Cu–xTiO2 alloys: experimental and theoretical calculations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月25日

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  • Zhuohua Yu,
  • Rugao Huang,
  • Langfeng Zhu,
  • Yinshui He,
  • Xiaowu Hu

摘要

This study investigates the effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on the microstructure, tensile behavior, and corrosion resistance of Sn–3.0Ag–0.5Cu–xTiO2 composite solder alloys through experiments combined with first-principles calculations. SAC305-based composite solders containing 0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 wt.% TiO2 were fabricated by melting. Their microstructural evolution, mechanical response, and corrosion-induced property degradation were systematically evaluated before and after 28 days of full-immersion corrosion in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The results show that the microhardness and tensile strength increase with increasing TiO2 content, whereas the dispersion of hardness data first decreases and then increases. The corrosion resistance exhibits a similar non-monotonic trend, with the best overall performance achieved at low-to-moderate TiO2 additions. This behavior indicates that properly dispersed TiO2 nanoparticles can improve microstructural uniformity and hinder corrosion propagation, while excessive TiO2 addition causes particle agglomeration, resulting in property instability and reduced corrosion resistance. First-principles calculations further show that rutile-TiO2 possesses a much higher elastic modulus and stronger elastic anisotropy than η-Cu6Sn5, providing theoretical support for the strengthening effect of TiO2 as a reinforcing second phase. The present work highlights the existence of an optimal TiO2 addition window for balancing mechanical enhancement and corrosion resistance in SAC305-based composite solders.