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<p>Detection of persistent organic and pharmaceutical pollutants in aquatic environments has necessitated the development of advanced photocatalytic materials for efficient water purification. In this work, we report a ZnO: ZrO<sub>2</sub> heterojunction photocatalyst as a strong and effective material for the UV-induced removal of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin and the dye crystal violet. The composite was thoroughly characterized for its crystalline, morphological, optical, and surface properties via X-ray Diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV (ultraviolet) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) techniques. The formation of a well-integrated heterojunction structure was confirmed by XRD analysis. BET measurements showed that the mixture possessed a significantly higher surface area of 58.7 m<sup>2</sup>/g compared to 36.2 m<sup>2</sup>/g and 41.5 m<sup>2</sup>/g for pure ZnO and ZrO<sub>2</sub>. The heterojunction photocatalyst demonstrated exceptional photocatalytic efficacy, with 91.4% CV and 88.6% CIP degradation in 90&#xa0;min, with rate constants of 0.0314&#xa0;min⁻<sup>1</sup> and 0.0289&#xa0;min⁻<sup>1</sup>, respectively. TOC analysis revealed mineralization efficiencies of 80.5% (CV) and 70.2% (CIP). Scavenger tests demonstrated that superoxide (⋅O<sub>2</sub>⁻) and hydroxyl (⋅OH) radicals were the most reactive species. The enhanced photocatalytic performance was ascribed to enhanced charge carrier separation at the ZnO–ZrO<sub>2</sub> interface, supported by photoluminescence (PL), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and photocurrent measurements. The findings indicate that the ZnO: ZrO<sub>2</sub> heterojunction is an effective photocatalyst for the sustainable remediation of toxic dyes and antibiotics in wastewater.</p>

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Design of a ZnO/ZrO2 hybrid photocatalyst for efficient degradation of crystal violet dye and ciprofloxacin antibiotic under UV irradiation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月25日

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  • S. Kumaran,
  • S. Ramesh,
  • Prabakaran Paranthaman,
  • Er. S. John Pimo,
  • S. Ramkumar,
  • R. Naveenkumar

摘要

Detection of persistent organic and pharmaceutical pollutants in aquatic environments has necessitated the development of advanced photocatalytic materials for efficient water purification. In this work, we report a ZnO: ZrO2 heterojunction photocatalyst as a strong and effective material for the UV-induced removal of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin and the dye crystal violet. The composite was thoroughly characterized for its crystalline, morphological, optical, and surface properties via X-ray Diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV (ultraviolet) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) techniques. The formation of a well-integrated heterojunction structure was confirmed by XRD analysis. BET measurements showed that the mixture possessed a significantly higher surface area of 58.7 m2/g compared to 36.2 m2/g and 41.5 m2/g for pure ZnO and ZrO2. The heterojunction photocatalyst demonstrated exceptional photocatalytic efficacy, with 91.4% CV and 88.6% CIP degradation in 90 min, with rate constants of 0.0314 min⁻1 and 0.0289 min⁻1, respectively. TOC analysis revealed mineralization efficiencies of 80.5% (CV) and 70.2% (CIP). Scavenger tests demonstrated that superoxide (⋅O2⁻) and hydroxyl (⋅OH) radicals were the most reactive species. The enhanced photocatalytic performance was ascribed to enhanced charge carrier separation at the ZnO–ZrO2 interface, supported by photoluminescence (PL), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and photocurrent measurements. The findings indicate that the ZnO: ZrO2 heterojunction is an effective photocatalyst for the sustainable remediation of toxic dyes and antibiotics in wastewater.