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<p>In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized via a green route using charcoal extract at varying concentrations (10&#xa0;mL, 20&#xa0;mL, and 30&#xa0;mL) to enhance their photocatalytic performance. A chem ZnO was also synthesized for comparison. The charcoal extract acted as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent, introducing phytochemicals that potentially improved the surface activity and charge carrier dynamics of the ZnO nanoparticles. The synthesized samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–Visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to study their structural, functional, optical, and morphological properties. FTIR analysis revealed distinct functional groups introduced by the extract, while UV–Vis absorption studies showed a slight band gap narrowing in extract-assisted samples. The photocatalytic performance of the samples was evaluated by the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB), a commonly used xanthene dye, under the natural sunlight irradiation. Among all samples, the ZnO nanoparticle synthesized with 20&#xa0;mL of charcoal extract exhibited the highest photocatalytic efficiency, attributed to its optimal surface modification and enhanced light absorption. This work demonstrates a simple, sustainable synthesis route for ZnO-based photocatalysts with potential applications in environmental remediation.</p>

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Charcoal Extract-Mediated Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles: Bio-Capping, Functionalization, and Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B Dye

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月22日

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  • M. Jothibas,
  • B. Arun Kumar,
  • Paulson Emerson,
  • P. Abishake David,
  • Kartheka Anandan,
  • R. Sweet Stanly,
  • T. Umarani

摘要

In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized via a green route using charcoal extract at varying concentrations (10 mL, 20 mL, and 30 mL) to enhance their photocatalytic performance. A chem ZnO was also synthesized for comparison. The charcoal extract acted as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent, introducing phytochemicals that potentially improved the surface activity and charge carrier dynamics of the ZnO nanoparticles. The synthesized samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–Visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to study their structural, functional, optical, and morphological properties. FTIR analysis revealed distinct functional groups introduced by the extract, while UV–Vis absorption studies showed a slight band gap narrowing in extract-assisted samples. The photocatalytic performance of the samples was evaluated by the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB), a commonly used xanthene dye, under the natural sunlight irradiation. Among all samples, the ZnO nanoparticle synthesized with 20 mL of charcoal extract exhibited the highest photocatalytic efficiency, attributed to its optimal surface modification and enhanced light absorption. This work demonstrates a simple, sustainable synthesis route for ZnO-based photocatalysts with potential applications in environmental remediation.