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<p>Ionic heavy metals such as Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup>, and Hg<sup>2+</sup> have long been recognized for their ecotoxicity, accumulating in the ecosystem and posing health risks even at low concentrations. It is crucial to detect them quickly and reliably. BaAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (BLO) spinel nanoparticles were synthesized via a sol–gel route. The phase was confirmed by XRD and FTIR, with refinement using the Rietveld method. Metal ion detection was performed through differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) using a BaAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and Nafion (Nfn) modified Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) electrode. Under UV irradiation (365&#xa0;nm), the sensor displayed linear responses between 17.0 and 216.0&#xa0;µM, with a detection limit of 7.9&#xa0;µM, demonstrating its efficiency for environmental monitoring. The ITO/Nfn-BLO photoelectrochemical sensor, utilizing BLO narrow band gap (+ 3.37&#xa0;eV), improved electron transfer kinetics under UV irradiation. Distinct oxidation peaks were observed for Zn<sup>2+</sup> (−&#xa0;0.9&#xa0;V), Pb<sup>2+</sup> (−&#xa0;0.5&#xa0;V), and Hg<sup>2+</sup> (−&#xa0;0.3&#xa0;V), with respective detection limits of 7.86&#xa0;µM, 8.46&#xa0;µM, and 7.73&#xa0;µM. In addition, EIS confirms that UV exposure reduces charge transfer resistance (<i>R</i><sub>ct</sub>) by enhancing charge kinetics. This provides an effective solution for heavy metal detection, with promising applications in environmental monitoring.</p>

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Sensitive ITO/Nafion-BaAl2O4 photoelectrochemical sensor for simultaneous detection of heavy metal ions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月25日

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  • K. W. Bourkeb,
  • D. Abdessemed,
  • H. Kenfoud

摘要

Ionic heavy metals such as Zn2+, Pb2+, and Hg2+ have long been recognized for their ecotoxicity, accumulating in the ecosystem and posing health risks even at low concentrations. It is crucial to detect them quickly and reliably. BaAl2O4 (BLO) spinel nanoparticles were synthesized via a sol–gel route. The phase was confirmed by XRD and FTIR, with refinement using the Rietveld method. Metal ion detection was performed through differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) using a BaAl2O4 and Nafion (Nfn) modified Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) electrode. Under UV irradiation (365 nm), the sensor displayed linear responses between 17.0 and 216.0 µM, with a detection limit of 7.9 µM, demonstrating its efficiency for environmental monitoring. The ITO/Nfn-BLO photoelectrochemical sensor, utilizing BLO narrow band gap (+ 3.37 eV), improved electron transfer kinetics under UV irradiation. Distinct oxidation peaks were observed for Zn2+ (− 0.9 V), Pb2+ (− 0.5 V), and Hg2+ (− 0.3 V), with respective detection limits of 7.86 µM, 8.46 µM, and 7.73 µM. In addition, EIS confirms that UV exposure reduces charge transfer resistance (Rct) by enhancing charge kinetics. This provides an effective solution for heavy metal detection, with promising applications in environmental monitoring.