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<p>Surface texturing of monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si) wafers is a key strategy for reducing optical losses and enhancing photovoltaic efficiency. In this work, p-type mono-Si (100) wafers were cleaned via a two-step RCA process and subjected to anisotropic wet chemical etching in 5 wt% potassium hydroxides (KOH) with ethanol as a surfactant at 80&#xa0;°C for different durations. Optical microscopy and SEM revealed a progression from saw damage surfaces to uniform upright pyramidal texture. UV–Vis-Nir spectroscopy showed a reduction in average reflectance from 22.2% (raw) to 7.8% (20&#xa0;min), correlated with improved light trapping. XRD confirmed preserved crystallinity, while minority carrier lifetime decreased from 18.7&#xa0;µm to 14.2&#xa0;µm due to etch-induced recombination centers. PC1D simulation, incorporating measured reflectance and lifetime, predicted an increase in short-circuit current and yielded an efficiency improvement up to 20.7%. These results demonstrate that controlled KOH-ethanol texturing achieves an optimal balance between optical enhancement and electronic performance, offering a cost-effective pathway to high-efficiency silicon solar cells.</p>

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Anisotropic wet etching with ethanol-assisted KOH for cost-effective high-performance silicon solar cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月9日

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  • Thiruvarasu T,
  • Srinivasan M,
  • Chandrasekaran A,
  • Keerthivasan T

摘要

Surface texturing of monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si) wafers is a key strategy for reducing optical losses and enhancing photovoltaic efficiency. In this work, p-type mono-Si (100) wafers were cleaned via a two-step RCA process and subjected to anisotropic wet chemical etching in 5 wt% potassium hydroxides (KOH) with ethanol as a surfactant at 80 °C for different durations. Optical microscopy and SEM revealed a progression from saw damage surfaces to uniform upright pyramidal texture. UV–Vis-Nir spectroscopy showed a reduction in average reflectance from 22.2% (raw) to 7.8% (20 min), correlated with improved light trapping. XRD confirmed preserved crystallinity, while minority carrier lifetime decreased from 18.7 µm to 14.2 µm due to etch-induced recombination centers. PC1D simulation, incorporating measured reflectance and lifetime, predicted an increase in short-circuit current and yielded an efficiency improvement up to 20.7%. These results demonstrate that controlled KOH-ethanol texturing achieves an optimal balance between optical enhancement and electronic performance, offering a cost-effective pathway to high-efficiency silicon solar cells.