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<p>This study explores the influence of chromium (Cr) doping on titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) for multifunctional applications. Cr-incorporated TiO<sub>2</sub> porous networks (CTPN) were synthesized via a sol–gel technique followed by post-synthesis laser treatment. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterizations confirmed successful Cr<sup>3+</sup> incorporation into the TiO<sub>2</sub> framework, resulting in highly porous networks with increased surface area. Among all the fabricated samples, Cr-0.5 CTPN exhibited a reduced optical bandgap of 2.62&#xa0;eV, significantly lower than that of pristine TiO<sub>2</sub>, indicating improved visible light absorption. Furthermore, electrochemical assessments revealed a remarkable specific capacitance of 253.76 F g<sup>−1</sup> and a discharge time of 235&#xa0;s for Cr-0.5 CTPN, substantially higher than the 18.8 F g<sup>−1</sup> observed for pristine TiO<sub>2</sub>, attributed to enhanced electrical conductivity and improved charge carrier separation. Photocatalytic performance tests under natural sunlight of intensity 1.5 W m<sup>−2</sup>&#xa0;s<sup>−1</sup> showed that Cr-0.5 CTPN achieved a degradation efficiency of 35.76% for Methylene blue (MB), facilitated by Cr-induced oxygen vacancies and suppressed electron–hole recombination. Overall, this work demonstrates the synergistic effects of Cr doping and laser treatment in tailoring TiO<sub>2</sub> properties for dual-functional applications in energy storage and environmental remediation.</p>

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Synthesis, characterization, and laser treatment of Cr-TiO2 porous networks for electrochemical and photocatalytic applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月31日

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  • Muhammad Irfan,
  • Umaima Arif,
  • Mubashra Rehman,
  • Nimra Khursheed,
  • Norah Algethami,
  • Wissem Munif,
  • Fatimah M. Alzahrani

摘要

This study explores the influence of chromium (Cr) doping on titanium dioxide (TiO2) for multifunctional applications. Cr-incorporated TiO2 porous networks (CTPN) were synthesized via a sol–gel technique followed by post-synthesis laser treatment. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterizations confirmed successful Cr3+ incorporation into the TiO2 framework, resulting in highly porous networks with increased surface area. Among all the fabricated samples, Cr-0.5 CTPN exhibited a reduced optical bandgap of 2.62 eV, significantly lower than that of pristine TiO2, indicating improved visible light absorption. Furthermore, electrochemical assessments revealed a remarkable specific capacitance of 253.76 F g−1 and a discharge time of 235 s for Cr-0.5 CTPN, substantially higher than the 18.8 F g−1 observed for pristine TiO2, attributed to enhanced electrical conductivity and improved charge carrier separation. Photocatalytic performance tests under natural sunlight of intensity 1.5 W m−2 s−1 showed that Cr-0.5 CTPN achieved a degradation efficiency of 35.76% for Methylene blue (MB), facilitated by Cr-induced oxygen vacancies and suppressed electron–hole recombination. Overall, this work demonstrates the synergistic effects of Cr doping and laser treatment in tailoring TiO2 properties for dual-functional applications in energy storage and environmental remediation.