In this work, novel MXene (Ti3C2Tx)/Nickel Oxide/polymer nanocomposites were synthesized and systematically evaluated for microwave absorption in the X-band frequency range (8.2–12.4 GHz). The flake-like MXene sheets and MXene/NiO particles, embedded within the cross-linked novolac phenolic resin polymer matrix, facilitated micro-capacitor networks and interfacial heterogeneities that promoted strong dielectric polarization and ohmic dissipation. Dielectric measurements revealed sinusoidal variations in permittivity with filler loading, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\varepsilon^{\prime}_{r}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msubsup> <mi>ε</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> ranged from 3 to 6 for MXene–NPR and 4 to 7.5 for MXene–NiO–NPR, while <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\varepsilon^{\prime\prime}_{r}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msubsup> <mi>ε</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mo>″</mo> </msubsup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> remained within 0.6–1.2 and 0.2–1.2, respectively. The dielectric-dominated nature of the composites was confirmed by nearly constant magnetic permeability (<InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\mu^{\prime}_{r}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msubsup> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> ≈ 0.90–1.11, <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\mu^{\prime\prime}_{r}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msubsup> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mo>″</mo> </msubsup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> ≤ 0.05). Reflection loss analysis indicated strong dependence on both thickness and filler concentration, with MXene–NPR (50 wt.%, 9 mm) exhibiting − 60 dB near 11 GHz and MXene–NiO–NPR (60 wt.%, 7.8 mm) achieving − 60 dB at 10.2 GHz. The introduction of NiO nanoparticles enhanced dielectric polarization, suppressed MXene restacking, and improved impedance matching, yielding broader absorption bandwidths.

Synthesis, optimization, and development of high-performance X-band microwave absorber based on MXene–NiO–novolac resin composites

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发表日期：

2026年3月9日

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Monoranjan Kakoti,
Debasish Das,
Jyoti Prasad Gogoi,
Utpal Jyoti Mahanta

摘要

In this work, novel MXene (Ti₃C₂T_x)/Nickel Oxide/polymer nanocomposites were synthesized and systematically evaluated for microwave absorption in the X-band frequency range (8.2–12.4 GHz). The flake-like MXene sheets and MXene/NiO particles, embedded within the cross-linked novolac phenolic resin polymer matrix, facilitated micro-capacitor networks and interfacial heterogeneities that promoted strong dielectric polarization and ohmic dissipation. Dielectric measurements revealed sinusoidal variations in permittivity with filler loading, where $\varepsilon^{\prime}_{r}$ $ε_{r}^{'}$ ranged from 3 to 6 for MXene–NPR and 4 to 7.5 for MXene–NiO–NPR, while $\varepsilon^{\prime\prime}_{r}$ $ε_{r}^{″}$ remained within 0.6–1.2 and 0.2–1.2, respectively. The dielectric-dominated nature of the composites was confirmed by nearly constant magnetic permeability ( $\mu^{\prime}_{r}$ $μ_{r}^{'}$ ≈ 0.90–1.11, $\mu^{\prime\prime}_{r}$ $μ_{r}^{″}$ ≤ 0.05). Reflection loss analysis indicated strong dependence on both thickness and filler concentration, with MXene–NPR (50 wt.%, 9 mm) exhibiting − 60 dB near 11 GHz and MXene–NiO–NPR (60 wt.%, 7.8 mm) achieving − 60 dB at 10.2 GHz. The introduction of NiO nanoparticles enhanced dielectric polarization, suppressed MXene restacking, and improved impedance matching, yielding broader absorption bandwidths.