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<p>This work investigates the influence of thermal annealing on the structural, optical, dielectric, electronic, and nonlinear properties of thermally evaporated Azure A chloride (AZACl) thin films. XRD results show improved crystallinity and preferential orientation with crystallite size increasing from 44 to 51&#xa0;nm as the annealing temperature reaches 523&#xa0;K. UV–Vis measurements reveal enhanced absorption and a distinct red shift in the Q- and B-band optical gaps, with <i>E</i><sub><i>g1</i></sub> decreasing from 1.68 to 1.52&#xa0;eV and <i>E</i><sub><i>g2</i></sub> from 3.44 to 2.80&#xa0;eV. Dispersion and dielectric analyses indicate an increase in the high-frequency dielectric constant, enhanced polarization effects, and longer dielectric relaxation time after annealing, reflecting improved molecular ordering and defect-related charge dynamics in the AZACl films. Optical and electrical conductivities also rise significantly, while the nonlinear susceptibility and nonlinear refractive index are enhanced, indicating improved nonlinear optical response. Gaussian 09 software was used to perform quantum-chemical calculations, including structure optimization and simulation of the absorption spectrum of AZACl. These results demonstrate that controlled thermal annealing is an effective route for tuning the optical and nonlinear optical properties of AZACl thin films, highlighting their potential for optoelectronic and photonic applications.</p>

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Thermal annealing-induced structural and optical enhancement of azure A chloride thin films for optoelectronic applications‏

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月1日

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  • E. F. M. El-Zaidia,
  • Saleem I. Qashou,
  • A. A. A. Darwish,
  • H. A. M. Ali,
  • Shaaban A. Elroby,
  • A. M. Hassanien

摘要

This work investigates the influence of thermal annealing on the structural, optical, dielectric, electronic, and nonlinear properties of thermally evaporated Azure A chloride (AZACl) thin films. XRD results show improved crystallinity and preferential orientation with crystallite size increasing from 44 to 51 nm as the annealing temperature reaches 523 K. UV–Vis measurements reveal enhanced absorption and a distinct red shift in the Q- and B-band optical gaps, with Eg1 decreasing from 1.68 to 1.52 eV and Eg2 from 3.44 to 2.80 eV. Dispersion and dielectric analyses indicate an increase in the high-frequency dielectric constant, enhanced polarization effects, and longer dielectric relaxation time after annealing, reflecting improved molecular ordering and defect-related charge dynamics in the AZACl films. Optical and electrical conductivities also rise significantly, while the nonlinear susceptibility and nonlinear refractive index are enhanced, indicating improved nonlinear optical response. Gaussian 09 software was used to perform quantum-chemical calculations, including structure optimization and simulation of the absorption spectrum of AZACl. These results demonstrate that controlled thermal annealing is an effective route for tuning the optical and nonlinear optical properties of AZACl thin films, highlighting their potential for optoelectronic and photonic applications.