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<p>In the field of material science, researchers from all over the world have shown immense interest in transition metal oxides due to their tunable morphologies. This study reports a new, facile, and cost-effective approach for preparing WO<sub>3</sub> nanomaterials using hydrothermal and precipitation techniques, making it a valuable alternative for various applications. The effect of variation in the experimental parameters on structural, morphological, optical properties, and photocatalytic activity of the prepared 9 different WO<sub>3</sub> nanomaterials was assessed. Various characterization techniques were used to analyze the prepared WO<sub>3</sub> materials. Alterations in reaction parameters impact the material’s morphology, grain size, and crystal structure, as seen through FT-IR, UV-DRS, XRD, BET, FE-SEM, EDAX, and HR-TEM results. The average crystalline grain size was determined from the XRD analysis, ranged from 3 to 45&#xa0;nm. Additionally, the dislocation density (1.96 to 5.68 × 10<sup>−2</sup>) and stacking fault (0.2047 to 0.6511) were also examined for all the prepared WO<sub>3</sub> nanomaterials. The band gap energy of the prepared materials was calculated using UV–Vis–DRS analysis, revealing values that fell in the visible region. A comprehensive Urbach analysis was conducted on the WO<sub>3</sub>, showing the values <i>E</i><sub>u</sub> = 176 to 397&#xa0;meV, which are used to identify its defects, disorder, and oxygen deficiencies in the system. FE-SEM and HR-TEM confirm the presence of 9 distinct morphologies that depend on the reaction parameter. The BET analysis confirms the prepared WO<sub>3</sub> has better surface area ((W9) 11.9&#xa0;−&#xa0;(W8) 17.02&#xa0;m<sup>2</sup>/g) compared to the commercial WO<sub>3</sub> (1.6&#xa0;−&#xa0;3.3&#xa0;m<sup>2</sup>/g). The photocatalytic activity of WO<sub>3</sub> nanomaterials depends on the preparation method, precursor concentration, pH, temperature, and aging period. The results show that the prepared WO<sub>3</sub> may exhibit superior activity depending on the experimental parameters, which could be used for energy and environment applications in real-time sectors.</p>

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Role of reaction parameters on the structural morphology, optical properties, and photocatalytic activity of nanostructured WO3

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月11日

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  • S. Rubesh Ashok Kumar,
  • D. Vasvini Mary,
  • A. S. Vigneshraaj,
  • G. A. Suganya Josephine

摘要

In the field of material science, researchers from all over the world have shown immense interest in transition metal oxides due to their tunable morphologies. This study reports a new, facile, and cost-effective approach for preparing WO3 nanomaterials using hydrothermal and precipitation techniques, making it a valuable alternative for various applications. The effect of variation in the experimental parameters on structural, morphological, optical properties, and photocatalytic activity of the prepared 9 different WO3 nanomaterials was assessed. Various characterization techniques were used to analyze the prepared WO3 materials. Alterations in reaction parameters impact the material’s morphology, grain size, and crystal structure, as seen through FT-IR, UV-DRS, XRD, BET, FE-SEM, EDAX, and HR-TEM results. The average crystalline grain size was determined from the XRD analysis, ranged from 3 to 45 nm. Additionally, the dislocation density (1.96 to 5.68 × 10−2) and stacking fault (0.2047 to 0.6511) were also examined for all the prepared WO3 nanomaterials. The band gap energy of the prepared materials was calculated using UV–Vis–DRS analysis, revealing values that fell in the visible region. A comprehensive Urbach analysis was conducted on the WO3, showing the values Eu = 176 to 397 meV, which are used to identify its defects, disorder, and oxygen deficiencies in the system. FE-SEM and HR-TEM confirm the presence of 9 distinct morphologies that depend on the reaction parameter. The BET analysis confirms the prepared WO3 has better surface area ((W9) 11.9 − (W8) 17.02 m2/g) compared to the commercial WO3 (1.6 − 3.3 m2/g). The photocatalytic activity of WO3 nanomaterials depends on the preparation method, precursor concentration, pH, temperature, and aging period. The results show that the prepared WO3 may exhibit superior activity depending on the experimental parameters, which could be used for energy and environment applications in real-time sectors.