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<p>This study investigates the impact of erbium (Er3⁺) doping on the structural, thermoelectric, and electrical properties of titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) nanoparticles synthesized via a straightforward ball milling approach. Pure TiO<sub>2</sub> and Er-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> (1%, 2%, and 3% Er) nanocrystalline powders were prepared and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), density measurements, Seebeck coefficient analysis, and DC conductivity measurements. XRD and HRTEM results confirmed the formation of the anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> phase and the successful incorporation of Er3⁺, leading to a reduction in crystallite size (from 18.33 nm for pure TiO<sub>2</sub> to 14.19 nm for 3% Er-TiO<sub>2</sub>) and an increase in lattice strain with higher doping concentrations. Density increased with doping, while molar volume decreased. Thermoelectric tests showed that pure TiO<sub>2</sub> and the sample with 1% Er-doping conducted electricity in a p-type manner, but at higher temperatures, the samples with 2% and 3% doping showed both p-type and n-type conduction. Crucially, Er3⁺ doping significantly enhanced the DC electrical conductivity and thermoelectric power (TEP) factor compared to undoped TiO<sub>2</sub>. The conduction mechanism in the high-temperature region was identified as non-adiabatic small polaron hopping (SPH), with the improved conductivity attributed mainly to increased hopping carrier mobility. These findings highlight the effectiveness of Er3⁺ doping via ball milling in tailoring the properties of TiO<sub>2</sub> for potential thermoelectric applications.</p>

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Enhanced electrical and thermoelectric properties of Er3⁺-doped TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized via ball milling

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月15日

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  • M. M. El-Desoky,
  • M. E. Abd- Elrazek,
  • Ahmed Mourtada Elseman,
  • Ibrahim Morad

摘要

This study investigates the impact of erbium (Er3⁺) doping on the structural, thermoelectric, and electrical properties of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles synthesized via a straightforward ball milling approach. Pure TiO2 and Er-doped TiO2 (1%, 2%, and 3% Er) nanocrystalline powders were prepared and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), density measurements, Seebeck coefficient analysis, and DC conductivity measurements. XRD and HRTEM results confirmed the formation of the anatase TiO2 phase and the successful incorporation of Er3⁺, leading to a reduction in crystallite size (from 18.33 nm for pure TiO2 to 14.19 nm for 3% Er-TiO2) and an increase in lattice strain with higher doping concentrations. Density increased with doping, while molar volume decreased. Thermoelectric tests showed that pure TiO2 and the sample with 1% Er-doping conducted electricity in a p-type manner, but at higher temperatures, the samples with 2% and 3% doping showed both p-type and n-type conduction. Crucially, Er3⁺ doping significantly enhanced the DC electrical conductivity and thermoelectric power (TEP) factor compared to undoped TiO2. The conduction mechanism in the high-temperature region was identified as non-adiabatic small polaron hopping (SPH), with the improved conductivity attributed mainly to increased hopping carrier mobility. These findings highlight the effectiveness of Er3⁺ doping via ball milling in tailoring the properties of TiO2 for potential thermoelectric applications.