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<p>Zinc oxide (ZnO) is widely used as an electron transport layer (ETL) material in organic solar cells (OSCs) due to its excellent electron mobility and low-temperature processability. However, the inherent surface defects (e.g., oxygen vacancies) of ZnO induce charge recombination and photocatalytic degradation of non-fullerene acceptor materials, severely limiting the efficiency and stability of the devices. In this study, polyethylene glycol (PEG) was introduced as a surface modifier to improve the interfacial defects and compatibility of ZnO ETL. The results show that the PEG molecules effectively passivate oxygen vacancies and other surface defects in ZnO, while simultaneously improving interfacial interaction with the bulk heterojunction active layer. Comprehensive characterization reveals that the PEG-modified ZnO ETL exhibits optimized surface energy, reduced charge recombination centers, and enhanced charge extraction efficiency. When incorporated into PM6:L8-BO-based inverted OSCs, the PEG-modified ZnO ETL enables a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) increase from 17.24% to 18.20%. Furthermore, the PEG-modified devices demonstrate significantly enhanced operational stability, particularly for PEG-modified ZnO devices which demonstrate the T80 lifetime&#xa0;under dark-storage condition of more than 1000&#xa0;h. This work presents a simple, effective interfacial engineering strategy that simultaneously enhances both the PCE and operational stability of OSCs through PEG modification of ZnO ETL. The strategy not only overcomes intrinsic limitations of ZnO but also provides broader insights into interfacial engineering for potential commercial organic photovoltaic development.</p>

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High-efficiency and stable inverted organic solar cells based on PEG-modified ZnO electron transport layer

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月23日

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  • Yang Liu,
  • Yang Zhang,
  • Fenghua Zhang,
  • Yingying Zhang,
  • Mandi Li,
  • Dan Wang,
  • Jun Zhou,
  • Denghui Xu,
  • Xiong Li

摘要

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is widely used as an electron transport layer (ETL) material in organic solar cells (OSCs) due to its excellent electron mobility and low-temperature processability. However, the inherent surface defects (e.g., oxygen vacancies) of ZnO induce charge recombination and photocatalytic degradation of non-fullerene acceptor materials, severely limiting the efficiency and stability of the devices. In this study, polyethylene glycol (PEG) was introduced as a surface modifier to improve the interfacial defects and compatibility of ZnO ETL. The results show that the PEG molecules effectively passivate oxygen vacancies and other surface defects in ZnO, while simultaneously improving interfacial interaction with the bulk heterojunction active layer. Comprehensive characterization reveals that the PEG-modified ZnO ETL exhibits optimized surface energy, reduced charge recombination centers, and enhanced charge extraction efficiency. When incorporated into PM6:L8-BO-based inverted OSCs, the PEG-modified ZnO ETL enables a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) increase from 17.24% to 18.20%. Furthermore, the PEG-modified devices demonstrate significantly enhanced operational stability, particularly for PEG-modified ZnO devices which demonstrate the T80 lifetime under dark-storage condition of more than 1000 h. This work presents a simple, effective interfacial engineering strategy that simultaneously enhances both the PCE and operational stability of OSCs through PEG modification of ZnO ETL. The strategy not only overcomes intrinsic limitations of ZnO but also provides broader insights into interfacial engineering for potential commercial organic photovoltaic development.