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<p>This study presents a fully integrated, flexible, and self-healable All-in-One Solid-State Capacitor (SSC) fabricated through a simple, green two-stage gelation process using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), manganese dioxide (MnO₂), and borax as the components, eliminating external electrolytes and separators. The symmetric device consists of PVA/MnO₂/borax composite electrodes and a PVA/borax solid electrolyte, assembled by water-assisted self-adhesion. Electrochemical characterization revealed Electric Double Layer Capacitor (EDLC)-dominated behavior with specific capacitances of 144.9 mF g⁻<sup>1</sup> (charge) and 103.8 mF g⁻<sup>1</sup> (discharge) at 10&#xa0;mV&#xa0;s⁻<sup>1</sup>, an operating voltage of 1.7&#xa0;V, an energy density of 0.042 Wh kg⁻<sup>1</sup>, and a power density of 0.88 W kg⁻<sup>1</sup>. After 1000 charge–discharge cycles, the device retained 81% of its initial capacitance, with a Coulombic efficiency of up to 89%. Contrary to expectations, the pseudocapacitive contribution of MnO₂ was largely suppressed owing to the formation of secondary phases (MnB and Mn₂OBO₃) and restricted ion mobility in the solid matrix, shifting the charge storage mechanism toward the EDLC behavior. This green-synthesized AiO-SSC offers a sustainable, toxic-chemical-free alternative for flexible/wearable electronics, despite moderate energy density, and highlights the need for further optimization of MnO₂–borax interactions to recover pseudocapacitive performance.</p>

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Green-synthesized PVA/Borax/MnO2-based flexible and self-healable all-in-one solid-state capacitor

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月2日

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  • Serkan Demirel,
  • Genber Kerimli

摘要

This study presents a fully integrated, flexible, and self-healable All-in-One Solid-State Capacitor (SSC) fabricated through a simple, green two-stage gelation process using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), manganese dioxide (MnO₂), and borax as the components, eliminating external electrolytes and separators. The symmetric device consists of PVA/MnO₂/borax composite electrodes and a PVA/borax solid electrolyte, assembled by water-assisted self-adhesion. Electrochemical characterization revealed Electric Double Layer Capacitor (EDLC)-dominated behavior with specific capacitances of 144.9 mF g⁻1 (charge) and 103.8 mF g⁻1 (discharge) at 10 mV s⁻1, an operating voltage of 1.7 V, an energy density of 0.042 Wh kg⁻1, and a power density of 0.88 W kg⁻1. After 1000 charge–discharge cycles, the device retained 81% of its initial capacitance, with a Coulombic efficiency of up to 89%. Contrary to expectations, the pseudocapacitive contribution of MnO₂ was largely suppressed owing to the formation of secondary phases (MnB and Mn₂OBO₃) and restricted ion mobility in the solid matrix, shifting the charge storage mechanism toward the EDLC behavior. This green-synthesized AiO-SSC offers a sustainable, toxic-chemical-free alternative for flexible/wearable electronics, despite moderate energy density, and highlights the need for further optimization of MnO₂–borax interactions to recover pseudocapacitive performance.