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<p>The efficiency of organic–inorganic-based hybrid perovskite solar cells is frequently hindered by the presence of defect states and the restricted electron mobility within electron transport layers like titanium dioxide, (TiO₂). A highly effective method to enhance electronic properties and charge carrier conduction is doping of rare-earth elements to electron transport layers (ETLs). The present research work involves the synthesis of mesoporous TiO<sub>2</sub>:<i>x</i>Dy<sup>3+</sup>(pure, <i>x</i> = 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05) via sol–gel process. The copper-based (CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CuCl<sub><i>x</i></sub>Br<sub>4−<i>x</i></sub> (<i>x</i> = 0.5) perovskites were prepared by simple solution method. The anatase phase of TiO<sub>2</sub>:<i>x</i>Dy<sup>3+</sup> was identified by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and found crystallite size increased on doping<sub>.</sub> Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis conforms the presence of functional groups in perovskites. Morphology studies of TiO<sub>2</sub>:<i>x</i>Dy<sup>3+</sup> and perovskite were carried by scanning electron microscopy studies (SEM). Ionic states of Ti and Dy elements were identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies. Band gap of TiO<sub>2</sub>:0.03Dy<sup>3+</sup> was calculated from Diffuse reflectance studies (DRS) found to be 3.3&#xa0;eV. Photoluminescence studies of TiO<sub>2</sub>:0.03Dy<sup>3+</sup> show emission in the range of 468&#xa0;nm and 650&#xa0;nm and (CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CuCl<sub><i>x</i></sub>Br<sub>4−<i>x</i></sub> (<i>x</i> = 0.5) shows red emission (525&#xa0;nm). Further, perovskite solar cells were fabricated with pristine and doped TiO<sub>2</sub> ETLs and current–voltage (I–V) characterizations were carried out. The I–V studies revealed that the Dy<sup>3+</sup> doped ETLs enhance charge conductivity through defect passivation and reduces effective recombination of the active layer. The electrochemical impedance studies (EIS) revealed a reduced series resistance and recombination dynamics in the devices. The solar devices were prepared with the following cell structure FTO/TiO<sub>2</sub>:<i>x</i>Dy<sup>3+</sup> (<i>x</i> = 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05)/(CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CuCl<sub><i>x</i></sub>Br<sub>4−<i>x</i></sub> (<i>x</i> = 0.5)/Spiro-OMeTAD/Ag. The device with TiO<sub>2</sub>:0.03Dy<sup>3+</sup> showed improved power conversion efficiency of 0.98% compared to all the cells with enhanced fill factor (~ 74%), photocurrent (1.96&#xa0;mA), and open-circuit voltage (0.66&#xa0;V), respectively.</p>

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Improved charge transfer dynamics of Dy doped TiO2 layers for copper-based perovskite solar cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月9日

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  • R. Vishwanath,
  • R. Ranjith,
  • Mohammed Shafik,
  • V. Vadhana Sharon,
  • V. Manjunath,
  • K. Munirathnam,
  • P. C. Nagajyothi,
  • Jaesool Shim,
  • S. Naresh Kumar

摘要

The efficiency of organic–inorganic-based hybrid perovskite solar cells is frequently hindered by the presence of defect states and the restricted electron mobility within electron transport layers like titanium dioxide, (TiO₂). A highly effective method to enhance electronic properties and charge carrier conduction is doping of rare-earth elements to electron transport layers (ETLs). The present research work involves the synthesis of mesoporous TiO2:xDy3+(pure, x = 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05) via sol–gel process. The copper-based (CH3NH3)2CuClxBr4−x (x = 0.5) perovskites were prepared by simple solution method. The anatase phase of TiO2:xDy3+ was identified by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and found crystallite size increased on doping. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis conforms the presence of functional groups in perovskites. Morphology studies of TiO2:xDy3+ and perovskite were carried by scanning electron microscopy studies (SEM). Ionic states of Ti and Dy elements were identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies. Band gap of TiO2:0.03Dy3+ was calculated from Diffuse reflectance studies (DRS) found to be 3.3 eV. Photoluminescence studies of TiO2:0.03Dy3+ show emission in the range of 468 nm and 650 nm and (CH3NH3)2CuClxBr4−x (x = 0.5) shows red emission (525 nm). Further, perovskite solar cells were fabricated with pristine and doped TiO2 ETLs and current–voltage (I–V) characterizations were carried out. The I–V studies revealed that the Dy3+ doped ETLs enhance charge conductivity through defect passivation and reduces effective recombination of the active layer. The electrochemical impedance studies (EIS) revealed a reduced series resistance and recombination dynamics in the devices. The solar devices were prepared with the following cell structure FTO/TiO2:xDy3+ (x = 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05)/(CH3NH3)2CuClxBr4−x (x = 0.5)/Spiro-OMeTAD/Ag. The device with TiO2:0.03Dy3+ showed improved power conversion efficiency of 0.98% compared to all the cells with enhanced fill factor (~ 74%), photocurrent (1.96 mA), and open-circuit voltage (0.66 V), respectively.