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<p>Modern high-energy lasers, such as fiber lasers, are large and expensive. Hence, the demand for efficient, affordable solid-state lasers has prompted researchers to explore alternative laser gain media. In this context, we introduce a novel solid-state laser system that incorporates conjugated oligomers, specifically 9,10-Bis [(9-ethyl-3-carbazoyl)-vinylenyl]-anthracene (BECVA) and 9,9,9′,9′,9″,9″-hexakis(octyl)-2,7′,2′,7″-trifluorene (9 HOTF), in an AB resin solid-state (SS) medium (SSM). Central to this design is an elegant energy transfer mechanism called FRET. Because the oligomer BECVA can produce Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) only when energy is transferred from the oligomer 9 HOTF in SSM and liquids (e.g., toluene). The addition of molybdenum disulfide nanosheets (MoS₂) nanoflakes significantly boosts the output ASE's stability by reducing thermal and mechanical stress. We performed Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses of SSM for morphological assessment. To understand the optical properties of the BECVA and 9 HOTF mixture, we examined absorption, fluorescence, laser-induced Fluorescence (LIF), ASE, and time-resolved spectroscopy (TRS). BECVA (acceptor) exhibited very weak fluorescence spectra before the addition of the donor (9 HOTF). However, when combined, BECVA’s fluorescence increased markedly. An optimal optical pumping (355&#xa0;nm, 5&#xa0;ns, 20—120&#xa0;μJ/cm <sup>2</sup>) of the same mixture produced ASE centered around 500 ± 3&#xa0;nm. This green wavelength is ideal for various applications. The mixture, mainly tested in liquid form, was also integrated into a solid-state matrix measuring 5&#xa0;mm × 20&#xa0;mm × 40&#xa0;mm for laser analysis. The fabricated SSM lasers were tested in both mirrorless and cavity configurations, demonstrating ASE at 500&#xa0;nm. The MoS₂-doped SSM laser exhibited four times greater stability than the pure AB resin laser. The results show that incorporating MoS₂ could improve the photostability and extend operational lifetime. This work marks a significant step toward developing low-cost, tunable, and stable laser systems with potential applications in industrial and medical fields.</p>

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Solid-state mirrorless laser based on FRET system between two conjugated oligomers stability enhanced by MoS₂ nanosheets

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月13日

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  • Saradh Prasad,
  • Abdulaziz K. Assaifan,
  • Saad Aldawood,
  • Abdullah N. Alodhayb,
  • Hamad Albrithen,
  • Khalid Eidah Alzahrani

摘要

Modern high-energy lasers, such as fiber lasers, are large and expensive. Hence, the demand for efficient, affordable solid-state lasers has prompted researchers to explore alternative laser gain media. In this context, we introduce a novel solid-state laser system that incorporates conjugated oligomers, specifically 9,10-Bis [(9-ethyl-3-carbazoyl)-vinylenyl]-anthracene (BECVA) and 9,9,9′,9′,9″,9″-hexakis(octyl)-2,7′,2′,7″-trifluorene (9 HOTF), in an AB resin solid-state (SS) medium (SSM). Central to this design is an elegant energy transfer mechanism called FRET. Because the oligomer BECVA can produce Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) only when energy is transferred from the oligomer 9 HOTF in SSM and liquids (e.g., toluene). The addition of molybdenum disulfide nanosheets (MoS₂) nanoflakes significantly boosts the output ASE's stability by reducing thermal and mechanical stress. We performed Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses of SSM for morphological assessment. To understand the optical properties of the BECVA and 9 HOTF mixture, we examined absorption, fluorescence, laser-induced Fluorescence (LIF), ASE, and time-resolved spectroscopy (TRS). BECVA (acceptor) exhibited very weak fluorescence spectra before the addition of the donor (9 HOTF). However, when combined, BECVA’s fluorescence increased markedly. An optimal optical pumping (355 nm, 5 ns, 20—120 μJ/cm 2) of the same mixture produced ASE centered around 500 ± 3 nm. This green wavelength is ideal for various applications. The mixture, mainly tested in liquid form, was also integrated into a solid-state matrix measuring 5 mm × 20 mm × 40 mm for laser analysis. The fabricated SSM lasers were tested in both mirrorless and cavity configurations, demonstrating ASE at 500 nm. The MoS₂-doped SSM laser exhibited four times greater stability than the pure AB resin laser. The results show that incorporating MoS₂ could improve the photostability and extend operational lifetime. This work marks a significant step toward developing low-cost, tunable, and stable laser systems with potential applications in industrial and medical fields.